$' 'j 

1889. 

THE 

STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA 

THE STATISTICAL, HISTORICAL AND 
POLITICAL ABSTRACT. 



AGRICULTURAL, MINERAL, COMMERCIAL, MANUFACTURING, 
EDUCATIONAL, SOCIAL, AND GENERAL 

STATEMENTS. 



Oj 

^"^ 







PUBLISHED BY 

FRANK H. HAGERTY, 

Commissioner of Immigration and Ex-Officio Territorial Statistician, 
ABEEDEEN, S. D. 



;TATE CONSTITl'TIOl^ 



Aberdeen, S. D. 



1889. 



THE 



V 



' 'ITE OF NORTH DAKOTA 



THE STATISTICAL, HISTORICAL AND 
POLITICAL ABSTRACT. 



AGKfCULTUEAL, MINERAL, COMMERCIAL, MANUFACTURING, 

EDUCATIONAL, SOCIAL, AND GENERAL 

STATEMENTS. 



'A 



.'V 



/p 



'y 




PUBLISHED BY 



PRANK H. HAGERTY, 

■;oiiiMi3sioNER ov Immigration and Ex-Officio Tebeitorial Statistician, 
ABEKDEEN, S. D. 



Aberdeen, S. D. 

DAILY NEWS PRINT. 

1889. 



^ 



By Transter 

MOV Iti '^^^ 



PAET II 



I. 


CONSTITUTIOX. 


XI. 


Mineral Resources. | 


II. 


Election Returns. 


XII. 


Manufactures. 


III. 


Official Dieectory. 


XIII. 


Educational Facilities 


IV. 


Boundaries. 


XIV. 


Churches. 


V. 


Population. 


XV. 


Public Institutions. 


VI. 


Climate. 


XVI. 


Public Lands. 


VII. 


Agriculture. 


XVII. 


Finances. 


VIII. 


Irrigation. 


XVill. 


Newspapers. 


JX. 


Stock. 


XIX. 


Railroads. 


X. 


Timber. 


XX. 


Post Offices. 



CONSTITUTION 



NORTH DAKOTA, 1889. 



PREAMBLE. 



We the people of North Dakota, f^rateful to Almighty God for the blessings 
of civil and religious liberty, do ordain and establish this constitution. 



ARTICLE I. 
BECLARATION OF RIGHTS. 



Section 1 All men are by nature equally free and independent, and have 
certain inalienable rights, among which are those of enjoying and defending 
life and liberty, acquiring, possessing and protecting property and reputation, 
and pursuing "and obtaining safety and happiness. a. ■ .■.• 

Sec 2 All political power is inherent in the people. Government is insti- 
tuted 'for the protection, security and benefit of the people, and they have a 
ri<^ht to alter or reform the same whenever the public good may require. 

Sec 3 The State of North Dakota is an inseparable part of the American 
Union and the Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the land. 

Sec 4 The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, 
without discrimination or preference, shall be forever guaranteed in this state 
and no person shall be rendered incompetent to be a witness or juror on account 
of his opinion on matters of religious belief; but the liberty of conscience 
hereby secured shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or 
iustify practices inconsistent with the peace or safety of this state. 

Sec 5 The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended 
unless when in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require. 

Sec 6 All persons shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, unless for capital 
offenses when the proof is evident or the presumption great. Excessive bail 
shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor shall cruel or unusual 
punishments be inflicted. Witnesses shall not be unreasonably detained, nor 
be confined in any room where criminals are actually imprisoned. 

Sec 7 The right of trial by jury shall be secured to all, and remain invio- 
late; but a jury in civil cases, in courts not of record, may consist of less than 
twelve men, as may be prescribed by law. , „ . . ■, u 

Sec 8 Until otherwise provided by law, no person shall, for a felony, be 
proceeded against criminally otherwise than by indictment, except m cases 
arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service in 
time of war or public danger. In all other cases, offenses shall be prosecuted 
criminally by indictment or information. The legislative assembly may change, 
regulate or abolish the grand jury system. 



6 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 

Sec. 9. Every man may freely write, speak and publish his opinions on all 
subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that privilege. In all civil and 
criminal trials for libel, the truth may be given in evidence, and shall be a 
sujB&cient defense when the matter is published with good motives and for justi- 
fiable ends; and the jury shall have the same power of giving a general verdict 
as in other cases; and in all indictments or informations for libels the jury 
shall have the right to determine the law and_the facts under the direction of 
the court, as in other cases. 

Sec. 10. The citizens have a right, in a peaceable manner, to assemble to- 
gether for the common good, and to apply to those invested with the powers of 
government for the redress of grievances, or for other proper purposes, by peti- 
tion, address or remonstrance. 

Sec. 11. All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation. 

Sec. 12. The military shall be subordinate to the civil power. No standing 
army shall be maintained by this state in time of peace, and no soldiers shall, 
in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner; 
nor in time of war, except in the manner prescribed by law. 

Sec. 13. In criminal prosecutions in any court whatever, the party accused 
shall have the right to a speedy and public trial ; to have the process of the 
court to compel *lie attendance of witnesses in his behalf; and to appear and 
defend in person and with counsel. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy 
foi the same offense, nor be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness 
against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property without due i^rocess 
of law. 

Sec. 14. Private property shall not be taken or damaged for public use with- 
out just compensation having been first made to, or paid into court for the 
owner, and no right of way shall be appropriated to the use of any corporation, 
other than municipal, until full compensation therefor be first made in money 
or ascertained and paid into court for the owner, irrespective of any benefit 
from any improvement proposed by such corporation, which compensation shall 
be ascertained by a jury, unless a jury be waived. 

Sec. 15. No person shall be imprisoned for debt unless upon refusal to de- 
liver up his estate for the benefit of his creditors, in such manner as shall be 
prescribed by law; or in cases of tort; or where there is strong presumption of 
fraud. 

Sec. 16. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obliga- 
tions of contracts shall ever be passed. 

Sec. 17. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, unless for the punish- 
ment of crime, shall ever be tolerated in this state. 

Sec. 18. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, pa- 
pers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be vio- 
lated; and no warrant shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath 
or afifirmation, particularly describing the place to be searched and the person 
and things to be seized. 

Sec. 19. Treason against the state shall consist only in le^'ying war against 
it, adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and comfort. No person shall 
be convicted of treason unless on the evidence of two witnesses to the same 
overt act, or confession in open court. 

Sec. 20. No special privileges or immunities shall ever be granted which 
may not be altered, revoked or repealed by the legislative assembly; nor shall 
any citizen or class of citizens be granted privileges or immunities which upon 
the same terms shall not be granted to all citizens. 

Sec. 21. The provisions of this constitution are mandatory and prohibitory 
unless, by express words, they are declared to be otherwise. 

Sec. 22. AH courts shall be open, and every man tor any injury done him 
in his lands, goods, person or reputation shall have remedy by due process of 
law, and right and justice administered without sale, denial or delay. Suits 
may be brought against the state in such manner, in such courts, and in such 
cases, as the legislative assembly may by law direct. 

Sec. 23. Every citizen of this state shall be free to obtain employment 
wherever possible, and any person, corporation, or agent thereof, maliciously 



STATE OF NOKTH DAKOTA. 7 

interfering or hindering in any way any citizen from obtaining or enjoying em- 
ployment already obtained, from any other coriwration or person, shall be 
deemed guilty of misdemeanor. 

Sec. 24. To guard against transgressions of the high powers which we have 
delegated, we declare that everything in this article is excepted out of the gen- 
eral powers of government and shall forever remain inviolate. 

ARTICLE II. 

THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

Sec. 25. The legislative power shall be vested in a senate and house of 
representatives. 

Sec 26. The senate shall be composed of not less than 30 nor more than 50 
members. 

Sec. 27. Senators shall be elected for the term of 4 years except as herein- 
after provided. 

Sec. 28. No person shall be a senator who is not a qualified elector in the 
district in which he may be chosen, and who shall not have attained the age 
of 25 years, and have been a resident of the state or territory for 2 years next 
preceding his election. 

Sec. 29. The legislative assembly shall fix the number of senators, and 
divide the state into as many senatorial districts as there are senators, which 
districts, as nearly as may be, shall be equal to each other in the number of 
inhabitants entitled to representation. Each district shall be entitled to one 
senator and no more, and shall be composed of compact and contiguous territory ; 
and no portion of any county shall be attached to any other county, or part 
thereof, so as to form a district. The districts as thus ascertained and deter- 
mined shall continue until changed by law. 

Sec. 30. The senatorial districts shall be numbered consecutively from one 
upwards, according to the number of districts prescribed, and the senators 
shall be divided into two classes. Those elected in the districts designated by 
even numbers shall constitute one class, and those elected in districts desig- 
nated by odd numbers shall constitute the other class. The senators of one 
class, elected in the year 1890, shall hold their office for 2 years, those of the 
other class shall hold their office 4 years, and the determination of the two 
classes shall be by lot so that one-half of the senators, as nearly as practicable, 
may be elected biennially. 

Sec. 31. The senate, at the beginning and close of each regular session, and 
at such other times as may be necessary, shall elect one of its members presi- 
dent pro tempore, who may take the place of the lieutenant governor under 
rules prescribed by law. 

Sec. 32. The house of representatives shall be composed of not less than 
50 nor more than 140 members. 

Sec. 33. Representatives shall be elected for the term of 2 years. 
Sec. 34. No person shall be a representative who is not a qualified elector 
in the district for which he may be chosen, and who shall not have attained 
the age of 21 years, and have been a resident of the state or territory for 2 years 
next preceding his election. 

Sec. 35. The members of the house of representatives shall be apportioned 
to and elected at large from each senatorial district. The legislative assembly 
shall, in the year 1895, and every tenth year, cause an enumeration to be made 
of all the inhabitants of this state, and shall at its first regular session after 
each such enumeration, and also after each federal census, pro«»«d to fix by 
law the number of senators which shall constitute the senate of North Dakota, 
and the number of representatives which shall constitute the house of rep- 
resentatives of North Dakota, within the limits prescribed by this constitution, 
and at the same session shall proceed to reapportion the state into senatorial 
districts, as prescribed by this constitution, and to fix the number of members 
of the house of representatives to be elected from the several senatorial districts; 
Provided, that the legislative assembly may, at any regular session, redistrict the 
state into senatorial districts, and appoition the senators and representatives 
respectively. 



8 STATE OF NORTH DAKO'J A. 

Sec. 36. The bouse of representatives shall elect one of its members as 
speaker. 

Sec. 37. No judge or clerk of any court, secretary of state, attorney general, 
register of deeds, sheriff or person holding any office of profit under this stake, 
except in the militia or office of the attorney at law, notary public or jus- 
tice of the peace, and no person holding any office of profit or honor under any 
foreign government, or under the government of the United States, except 
postmasters whose annual compensation does not exceed the sum of $300, shall 
h(dd any office in either branch of the legislative assembly or become a mem- 
ber thereof. 

Sec. 38. No member of the legislative assembly, expelled for corruption, 
and no person convicted of bribery, perjury or other infamous crime shall be 
eligible to the legislative assembly, or to any office in either branch thereof. 

Sec. 39. No member of the legislative assembly shall, during the term for 
which he was elected, be appointed or elected to any civil office in this stale, 
which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been in- 
creased, during the term for which he was elected; nor shall any member re- 
ceive any civil appointment from the governor, or governor and senate, 
during the term for which he shall have been elected. 

Sec. 40. If any person elected to either house of the legislative assembly 
shall offer or promise to give his vote or influence in favor of, or against any 
measure or proposition pending or proposed to be introduced into the legisla- 
tive assembly, in consideration, or upon conditions, that any other person 
elected to the same legislative assembly will give, or will promise or assent to 
give, his vote or influence in favor of or against any other measure or proposi- 
tion, pending or proposed to be introduced into such legislative assembly, the 
person making such offer or promise shall be deemed guilty of solicitation of 
bribery. If any member of the legislative assembly shall give his vote or 
influence for or against any measure or proposition, pending or proposed to be 
introduced into such legislative assembly, or offer" promise or assent so to do upon 
condition that any other member will give, promise or assent to give his vote or 
influence in favor of or against any other such measure or proposition pending or 
proposed to be introduced into such legislative assembly, or in consideration that 
any other member hath given his vote or influence, for or against any other 
measure or proposition in such legislative assembly, he shall be deemed guilty of 
bribery. And any person, member of the legislative assembly or person elected 
thereto, who shall be guilty of either such offenses, shall be expelled, and shall 
not thereafter be eligible to the legislative assembly, and on the conviction 
thereof in the civil courts, shall be liable to such further j)enalty as may be pre- 
scribed by law. 

Sec. 41. The term of service of the members of the legislative assembly 
shall begin on the first Tuesday in January next after their election. 

Sec. 42. The members of the legislative assembly shall in all cases except 
treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their 
attendance at the sessions of their respective houses, and in going to or return- 
ing from the same For words used in any speech or debate in either house, 
they shall not be questioned in any other place. 

Sec. 43. Any member who has a personal or private interest in any measure 
or bill proposed or pending before the legislative assembly, shall disclose the 
fact to the house of which he is a member, and shall not vote thereon, without 
the consent of the house. 

Sec. 44. The governor shall issue jvrits of election to fill such vacancies a.-; 
may occur in either house of the legislative assembly. 

Sec. 45. Each member of the legislative assembly shall receive as a com- 
pensation for his services for each session, $5 per day, and 10 cents for every 
mile of necessary travel in going to and returning from the place of the meet- 
ing of the legislative assembly, on the most usual route. 

Sec. 46. A majority of the members of each house shall constitute a (juo- 
rum, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel 
the attendance of absent members, in such a manner, and under such a penalty, 
as may be prescribed by law. 



STATE .OF KOE.TH DAKOTA. 9 

Sec. 47. Each house shall be the judge of the election returns and qualifi- 
cations of its own members. 

Sec. 48. Each house shall have the power to determine the rules of proceed- 
ing, and punish its members or other persons for contempt or disorderly be- 
havior in its presence; to protect its members against violence or oflfers of bribes, 
or private solicitation, and with the concurrence of two-thirds, to expel a 
member; and shall have all other powers necessary and usual in the legislative 
assembly of a free state. But no imprisonment by either house shall continue 
beyond 30 days. Punishment for contempt or disorderly behavior shall not bar 
a criminal prosecution for the same offense. 

Sec. 49. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and the yeas 
and nays on any question shall be taken and entered on the journal at the re- 
quest of one-sixth of those present. 

Sec. 50. The sessions of each house and of the committee of the whole shall 
be open unless the business is such as ought to be kept secret. 

Sec. 51. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for 
more than three days nor to any other place than that in which the two houses 
shall be sitting, except in case of epidemic, pestilence or other great danger. 

Sec. 52. The senate and house of representatives jointly shall be designated 
as the Legislative Assembly of the State of North Dakota. 

Sec. 53. The legislative assembly shall meet at the seat of government at 12 
o'clock noon, on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in January, in the 
year next following the election of the members thereof. 

Sec. 54. In all elections to be made by the legislative assembly, or either 
bouse thereof, the members shall vote viva voce, and their votes shall be entered 
in the journal. 

Sec. 55. The sessions of the legislative assembly shall be biennial, except as 
otherwise provided in this constitution. 

Sec. 56. No regular sessions of the legislative assembly shall exceed sixty 
days, except in case of impeachment, but the first session of the legislative as- 
sembly may continue for a period of 120 days. 

Sec. 57. Any bill may originate in either house of the legislative assembly, 
and a bill passed by one house may be amended by the other. 

Sec. 58. No law shall be passed except by a bill adopted by both houses, 
and no bill shall be so altered and amended on its passage through either 
house as to change its original purpose. 

Sec. 59. The enacting clause of every law shall be as follows: Be it enacted 
by the Legislative Assembly of the State of North Dakota. 

Sec. 60. No bill for ithe appropriation of money, except for the expenses of 
the government, shall be introduced after the fortieth day of the session, ex- 
cept by unanimous consent of the house in which it is sought to be introduced. 

Sec. 61. No bill shall embrace more than one subject, which shall be ex- 
pressed in its title, but a bill which violates this provision shall be invali- 
dated thereby only as to so much thereof as shall not be so expressed. 

Sec. 62. The general appropriation bill shall embrace nothing but appropri- 
ations for the expenses of the executive, legislative and judicial departments 
of thestate, interest on the public debt, and for public schools. All other ap- 
propriations shall be made by separate bills, each embracing but one subject. 

Sec. 63. Every bill shall be read three several times, but the first and sec- 
ond reading, and those only, may be upon the same day; and the second read- 
ing may be by title of the bill unless a reading at length be demanded. The 
first and third readings shall be at length. No legislative day shall be shorter 
than the natural day. 

Sec. 64. No bill shall be revised or amended, or the provisions thereof ex- 
tended or incorporated in any other bill by reference to its title only, but so 
much thereof as is revised, amended or extended or so incorporated, shall be 
re-enacted and published at length. 

Sec. 65. No bill shall become a law except by a vote of a majority of all 
the members elect in each house, nor unless, on its final passage, the vote be 
taken by yeas and nays, and the names of those voting be entered on the jour- 
nal. 



10 STATE OF NOBTH ETAKOTA. 

Sec. 60. The presiding officer of each house shall, in the presence of the 
house over which he presides, sigu all bills and joint resolutious passed by the 
legislative assembly; immediacely before sach signing their title shall be pub- 
licly read and the fact of signing shall be at once entered on the journal. 

iSEC. 67. No act of the legislative assembly shall take eflect until July 1st 
after the close of the session, unless in case of emergency (svhich shall be ex- 
pressed in the preamble or body of the act), the legislative assembly shall, by 
a Aote of two-thirds of all the members present in each house, otherwise direct. 

Sec. 6S. The legislative assembly shall pass all laws necessary to carry into 
efiect the provisions of this constitution. 

Sec. 69. The legislative assembly shall not pass local or special laws in any 
of the following enumerated cases, that is to say: 

1. For granting divorces. 

2. Laying out, opening, altering or working roads or highways, vacating 
roads, town plats, streets, alleys or public ground. 

3. Locating or changing county seats. 

4. Regulating county or township afifairs. 

5. Regulating the practice of courts of justice.. 

6. Regulating the jurisdiction and duties of justices of the peace, police 
magistrates or constables. 

7. Changing the rules of evidence in any trial or inquiry. 

8. Providing for changes of venue in civil or criminal cases. 

9. Declaring any person of age. 

10. For limitation of civilactious. or giving eflect to informal or invalid deeds. 

11. Summoning or impaneling grand or petit juries. 

12. Providing for the management of common schools. 

13. Regulating the rate of interest on- money. 

14. The opening or conducting of any election or designating the place of 
voting. 

1.5. The sale or mortgage of real estate belonging to minors or others under 
disability. 

16. Chartering or licensing ferries, toll bridges or toll roads. 

17. Remitting fines, penalties or forfeitures. 

18. Creating, increasing or decreasing fees, percentages or allowances of pub- 
lic officers. 

19. Changing the law of descent. 

20. Granting to any corporation, association or individual the right to lay 
down railroad tracks, or any special or exclusive privilege, immunity of fran- 
chise whatever. 

21. For the punishment of crimes. 

22. Changing the names of persons or places. 

23. For the assessment or collection of taxes. 

24. Affecting the estates of deceased persons, m.inors or others under legal 
disabilities. 

25. Extending the time for the collection of taxes. 

26. Refunding money into the state treasury. 

27. Relinquishing or extinguishing in whole or in part the indebtedness, 
liability or obligation of any corporation or person to this state, or to any mu- 
nicipal corporation therein. 

28. Legalizing, except as against the state, the unauthorized or invalid act 
of any officer. 

29. Exempting property from taxation. 

30. Restoring to citizenship persons convicted of infamous crimes. 

31. Authorizing the creation, exten^^ion or impairing of li^^ns. 

32. Creating offices, or prescribing the powers or duties of officers in coun- 
ties, cities, townships, election or school districts, or authorizing the adoption 
or legitimation of children. 

33. Incorporation of cities, towns or villages, or changing or amending tha 
charter of any town, city or village. 

34. Providing for tlie election of members of the board of supervisors in 
townships, incorporated towns or cities. 

35. The protection of g;ime or fish. 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 11 

Sec. 70. In all other cases where a general law can be made applicable, 
no special law shall be enacted; nor] shall the legislative assembly indirectly 
enact such special or local law by the partial repeal of a general law; bat laws 
repealing local or special acts may be passed. 

ARTICLE III. 
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

Sec. 71. The executive power shall be vested in a governor, who shall 
reside at the seat of government and shall hold his office for the term of two 
years, and until his successor is elected and duly qualified. 

Sec. 72. A lieutenant governor shall be elected at the same time and for 
the same term as the governor. In case of the death, impeachment, resig- 
nation, failure to quality, absence from the state, removal from office, or the 
disability of the governor, the powers and duties of the office for the residue 
of the term, or until he shall be acquitted, or the disability be removed, shall 
devolve upon the lieutenant governor. 

Sec. 73. No person shall be eligible to the office of governor or lieutenant 
governor unless he be a citizen of the United States and a qualified elector of 
the state, who shall have attained the age of 30 years, and who shall have 
resided 5 years next preceding the election within the state or territory, nor 
hall he be eligible to any other office during the term for which he shall have 
seen elected. 

' Sec. 74. The governor and lieutenant governor shall be elected by the 
<[ualified electors of the state at the time and places of choosing members of 
the legislative assembly. The persons having the highest number of votes for 
governor and lieutenant governor respectively shall be declared elected, but if 
two or more shall have an equal and highest number of votes for governor and 
lieutenant governor, the two houses of the legislative assem bly, at its next 
regular session, shall forthwith, by joint ballot, choose one of such persons for 
said office. The returns of the election for governor and lieutenant governor 
shall be made in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. 

Sec. 75. The governor shall be commander-in-chief of the military and 
naval forces of the state, except when they shall be called into the service of 
the United States, and may call out the same to execute the laws, suppress 
insurrection and repel invasion. He shall have power to convene the legis- 
lative assembly on extraordinary occasions. He shall, at the commencement 
of each session, communicate to the legislative assembly by message, informa- 
tion of the condition of the state, and recommend such measures as he shall 
deem expedient. He shall transact all necessary business with the officers of 
the government, civil and military. He shall expedite all such measures as 
may be resolved upon by the legislative assembly and shall take care that the 
laws be faithfully executed. 

Sec. 76. The governor shall have power to remit fines and forfeitures, to 
grant reprieves, commutations and pardons after conviction, for all offenses ex- 
cept treason and cases of impeachment; but the legislative assembly may by 
law regulate the manner in which the remission of fines, pardons, commuta- 
tions and reprieves may be applied for. Upon conviction for treason he shall 
have power to suspend the execution of sentence until the case shall be report- 
ed to the legislative assembly at its next regular session, when the legislative 
assembly shall either pardon or commute the sentence, direct the execution of 
the sentence, or grant further reprieve. He shall communicate to the legislative 
assembly at each regular session each case of remission of fine, reprieve, com- 
mutation or pardon granted by him, stating the name of the convict, the crime 
for which he is convicted, the sentence and its date, and the date of the remis- 
sion, commutation, pardon or reprieve, with his reason for granting the same. 
Sec. 77. The lieutenant governor shall be president of the senate, but shall 
have no vote unless they be equally divided. If, during the vacancy in the 
office of governor, the lieutenant governor shall be impeached, displaced, re- 
sign or die, or from mental or physical disease, or otherwise, become incapable 
of performing the duties of his office, the secretary of state shall act as gover- 
nor until the vacancy shall be filled or the disability removed. 



12 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 

Sec. 78. When any office shall, from any cause, become vacant, and no mode 
is provided by the constitution or law for filling such vacancy, the governor 
shall nave power to fill such vacancy by appointment. 

Sec. 79. Every bill which shall have passed the legislative assembly shall, 
before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor. If he. approve, he shall 
sign, but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to the house in which it 
originated, which shall enter the objections at large upon the journal and pro- 
ceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of the mem- 
bers elect shall a^ree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objec- 
tions, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if it 
be approved by two -thirds of the members elect, it shall become a law; but in 
all such cases the vote of both houses shall be determined by the yeas and nays. 
and the names of the members voting for and against the bill shall be entered 
upon the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned 
by the governor within three days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been 
presented to him, the same shall be a law, unless the legislative assembly, by its 
adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall be a law, uule^-s he 
shall file the same, with his objections, in the office of the secretary of state, 
within fifteen days after such adjournment. 

Sec. 80. The governor shall have i)ower to disapprove of any item or items, 
or part or parts of any bill making appropriations of money or property em- 
bracing distinct items, andthepartor parts of the bill approved shall be the law, 
and the item or items, and part or parts disapproved shall be void, unless en- 
acted in the following manner: If the legislative assembly be in session he 
shall transmit to the house in which the Isill originated a copy of the item or 
items, or part or parts thereof disapproved, together with his objections there- 
to, and the items or parts objected to shall be separately reconsidered, and each 
item or part shall then take the same course as is prescribed for the passage of 
bills over the executive veto. 

Sec. 81. Any governor of this state who asks, receives or agrees to receive 
any babe upon any understanding that his official opiaion, judgment or action 
shall be influenced thereby, or who gives or offers, or promises his official influ- 
ence in consideration that any member of the legislative assembly shall give 
his official vote or influence on any particular side of any question or matter 
upon which he may be required to act in his official capacity, or who men- 
aces any member by the threatened use of his veto power, or who offers or 
promises any member that he, the said governor, will appoint any particular 
person or persons to any office created or thereafter to be created, in considera- 
tion that any member shall give his official vote or influence on any matter 
pending or thereafter to be introduced into either house of said legislative as- 
sembly, or who'threatens any member that he, the said governor, will remove 
any person or persons from office or position with intent in any manner to in- 
fluence the action of said member, shall be punished in the manner now or that 
may hereafter be provided by law, and upon conviction thereof shall forfeit all 
right to hold or exercise any office of trust or honor in this state. 

Sec. 82. There shall be chosen by the qualified electors of the state, at the 
times and places of choosing members of the legislative assembly, a secretary 
of state, auditor, treasurer, superintendent of public instruction, commissioner 
of insurance, three commissioners of railroads, an attorney general and one 
commissioner of agriculture and labor, who shall have attained the age of 25 
years, shall be citizens of the United States, and shall have the qualifications 
of state electors. They shall severally hold their offices at the seat of govern- 
ment for the tern of two years and until their successors are elected and duly 
qualified, but no person shall be eligible to the office of treasurer for more than 
two consecutive terms. 

Sec. 83. The powers and duties of the secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, 
superintendent of public instruction, commissioners of insurance, commission- 
ers of railroads, attorney general and commissioner of agriculture and labor, 
shall be as prescribed by law. 

Sec. 84. Until otherwise provided by law, the governor shall receive an an- 
nual salary of $3,000; the lieutenant governor shall receive an annual salary of 
$1,000; tiie secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, superintendent of public in- 



STATE OF NOETH DAKOTA. 13 

struction, commissioner of insurance, commissioners of railroads and attorney 
gfeueral shall each receive an annual salary of |2,000; the salary of the com- 
missioner of agriculture and labor shall be as prescribed by law, but the salaries 
of any of the said officers shall not be increased or diminished during the 
period for which they shall have been elected, and all fees and profits arising 
from any of the said offices shall be covered into the state treasury. 

ARTICLE IV. 

JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 

Sec. 85. The judicial power of the State of North Dakota shall be vested 
in a supreme court, district courts, county courts, justices of the peace, and in 
such other courts as may be created by law for cities, incorporated towns and 
villages. 

Sec. 86. The supreme court, except as otherwise provided in this constitu- 
tion, shall have appellate jurisdiction only, which shall be co-extensive with 
the state, and shall have a general superintending control over all inferior 
courts under such regulations and limitations as may be prescribed by law. 

Sec. 87. It shall have power to issue writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, quo 
warranto, certiorari, iiijanetion, and sufh other original and remedial writs as 
may be necessary to the proper exercise of its jurisdiction, and shall have au- 
thority to hear and determine the same; Provided, hoivever, that no jury trials 
shall be allowed in said supreme court, but in proper cases questions of fact 
may be sent by said court to a district court for trial. 

Sec. 88. Until otherwise provided by law three terras of the supreme court 
shall be held each year, one at the seat of government, one at Fargo in the county 
of Cass, and one at Grand Forks in the county of Grand Forks. 

Sec. 89. The supreme court shall consist of three judges, a majority of 
whom shall be necessary to form a quorum or pronounce a decision, but one 
or more of said judges may adjourn the court from day to day or to a day cer- 
tain. 

Sec. 90. The judges of the supreme court shall be elected by the qualified 
electors of the state at large, and except as may be otherwise provided herein 
for the first election for judges under this constitution, said judges shall be 
elected at general elections. 

Sec. 91. The term of office of the judges of the supreme court, except as 
in this article otherwise provided, shall be six years, and they shall hold their 
offices until their successors are duly qualified. 

Sec. 92. The judges of the supreme court shall, immediately after the first 
election under this constitution, be classified by lot, so that one shall hold his 
office for the term of three years, one for the term of five years and one for the 
term of seven years from the first Monday in December, A. D. 1889. The lots 
shall be drawn by the judges, who shall for that purpose assemble at the seat of 
government, and they shall cause the result thereof to be certified to the secre- 
tary of the territory, and filed in his office, unless the secretary of state of 
North Dakota shall have entered upon the duties of his office, in which event 
said certification shall be filed therein. The judge having the shortest term to 
serve, not holding his office by election or appointment to fill a vacancy, shall 
be chief justice, and shall preside at all terms of the supreme court, and in 
case of his absence the judge having in like manner the next shortest term to 
serve shall preside in his stead. 

Sec. 93. There shall be a clerk and also a reporter of the supreme court, 
who shall be appointed by the judges thereof, and who shall hold their offices 
during the pleasure of said judges, and whose duties and emoluments shall be 
prescribed by law and by rules of the supreme court not inconsistent with law. 
The legislative assennJ)ly shall make provision for the publication and distribu- 
tion of the decisions of the supreme court, and for the sale of the published 
volumes thereof. 

Sec. 94. No person shall be eligible to the office of judge of the supreme 
court unless he be learned in the law, be at least 30 years of age and a 
citizen of the United States, nor unless he shall have resided in this state or 
territory of Dakota three years next preceding his election. 



14 STATE OF NORTH DAKu^fA. 

Sec. 95. Whenever the population of the State of North Dakota shall equal 
600,000 the legislative assembly shall have the power to increase the number of 
the judges of the supreme court to iive, in which event a majority of said 
court, as thus increased, shall constitute a quorum. 

Sec. 96. No duties shall be imposed by law upon the supreme court or any 
of the judges thereof, except such as are judicial, nor shall any of the judges 
thereof exercise any power of appointment except as herein provided. 

Sec. 97. The style of all process shall be "The State of North Dakota." 
All prosecutions shall be carried on in the name and by the authority of the 
State of North Dakota, and conclude "against the peace and dignity of the 
State of North Dakota." 

Sec. 93. Any vacancy happening by death, resignation or otherwise in the 
office of judge of the supreme court shall be filled by appointment by 
the governor, which appointment shall continue until the first general election 
thereafter, when said vacancy shall be filled by election. 

Sec. 99. The judges of the supreme and district courts shall receive such 
compensation for their services as may te prescribed by law, which compensa- 
tion shall not be increased or diminished during the term for which a j udge 
shall have been elected. 

Sec. 100. In case a judge of the supreme court shall be in any way inter- 
ested in a cause brought before said court, the remaining judges of said court 
shall call one of the district judges to sit with them on the hearing of said 
cause. 

Sec. 101. When a judgment or decree is reversed or confirmed by the 
supreme court, every point fairly arising upon the record of the case shall be 
considered and decided, and the reasons therefor shall be concisely stated in 
writing, signed by the j udges concurring, filed in the of&ce of the clerk of the 
supreme court, and preserved with a record of the case. Any judge dissenting 
therefrom may give the reasons of his dissent in writing over his signature. 

Sec. 102. It shall be the duty of the court to prepare a syllabus of the 
points adjudicated in each case, which shall be concurred in by a majority of 
the judges thereof, and it shall be prefixed to the published reports of the case. 

DISTKICT courts. 

Sec. 103. The district court shall have original jurisdiction, except as 
otherwise provided in this constitution, of all causes both at law and equity, 
and such appellate jurisdiction as may be conferred by law. They and the 
judges thereof shall also have jurisdiction and power to issue writs of habeas 
corpus, quo warranto, certiorari, injunction and other original and remedial writs, 
with authority to hear and determine the same. 

Sec. 104. The state shall be divided into six judicial districts, in each of 
which there shall be elected at general elections, by the electors thereof, one 
judge of the district court therein, whose term of office shall be four years from 
the first Monday in January succeeding his election, and until his successor is 
duly qualified. This section shall not be construed as governing the first elec- 
tion of district judges under this constitution. 

Sec. 105. Until otherwise provided by law said districts shall be consti- 
tuted as follows: 

District No. 1 shall consist of the counties of Pembina, Cavalier, Walsh, Nel- 
son and Grand Forks. 

District No. 2 shall consist of the counties of Ramsey, Towner, Benson, 
Pierce, Rolette, Bottineau, McHenry, Church, Renville, Ward, Stevens, 
Mountraille, Garfield, Flannery and Bnibrd. 

District No. 3 shall consist of the counties of Cass, Steele and Traill. 

District No. 4 shall consist of the counties of Richland, Ransom, Sargent, 
Dickey and Mcintosh. 

District No. 5 shall consist of the counties of Logan, La Moure, Stutsman, 
Barnes, Wells, Foster, Eddy and Griggs. 

District No. 6 shall consist of the counties of Burleigh, Emmons, Kidder, 
Sheridan, McLean, Morton. Oliver. Mercer, Williams, Stark, Hettinger, Bow- 
man. Billings, McKenzie, Dunn, Wallace and Allred, and that portion of the 
Sioux Indian reservation lying north of the 7th .standard parallel. 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 15 

Sec. 106. The legislative assembly may, whenever two -thirds of the mem- 
bers of each house shall concur therein, but not oftener than once in four years, 
increase the number of said judicial districts and the judges thereof; such dis- 
tricts shall be formed from compact territory and bounded by county lines but 
such increase or change in the boundaries of the districts shall not wori; the 
removal of any judge from his office during the term for which he may have 
been elected or appointed. 

Sec. 107. No person shall be eligible to the office of district judge tinless he 
be learned in the law, be at least 25 years of age and a citizen of the United 
States, nor unless he shall have resided within the state or territory of Dakota 
at least two years next preceding his election, nor unless he shall at the time of 
his election be an elector within the judicial district for which he is elected. 

Sec. 108. There shall be a clerk of the district court in each organized 
county in which a court is holden, who shall be elected by the qualified elec- 
tors of the county and shall hold his office for the same term as other county 
officers. He shall receive such compensation for his services as may be ])ve- 
scribed by law. 

Sec. 109. "Writs of error and appeals may be allowed from the decisions of 
the district courts to the supreme court under such regulations as may be pre- 
scribed by law. 

COUNTY COURTS. 

Sec. 110. There shall be established in each county a county court, which 
shall be a court of record, open at all times, and holden by one judge elected by 
the electors of the county, and whose term of office shall be two years. 

Sec. 111. The county court shall have exclusive original jurisdiction in 
probate and testamentary matters, the appointment of administrators and 
guardians, the settlement of the accounts of executors, administrators and 
guardians, the sale of lands by executors, administrators and guardi- 
ans, and such other probate jurisdiction as may be conferred by law; 
Provided, that whenever the voters of any county having a population of 
2,000 or over shall decide by a majority vote that they desire the juris- 
diction of said court increased above that limited by this constitution, then 
said county courts shall have concurrent jurisdiction with the district courts in 
all civil actions where the amount in controversj^ does not exceed $1,000 and in 
all criminal actions below the grade of felony, and in case it is decided by 
the voters of any county to so increase the jurisdiction of said county court, the 
jurisdiction in cases of misdemeanors arising under state laws which may have 
been conferred upon police magistrates, shall cease. The qualifications of the 
judge of the county court in counties where the jurisdiction of said court shall 
have been increased shall be the same as those of the district judge, except that 
he shall be a resident of the county at the time of his election, and said county 
judge shall receive such salary for his services as may be provided by law. In 
case the voters of any county decide to increase the jurisdiction of said county 
courts, then such jurisdiction as thus increased shall remain until otherwise 
provided by law. 

justices OF THE PEACE. 

Sec. 112. The legislative assembly shall provide by law for the election of 
justices of the peace in each organized county within the state. But the num- 
ber of said justices to be elected in each organized county shall be limited by 
law to such a number as shall be necessary for the proper administration of 
justice. The justices of the peace herein provided for shall have concurrent 
jurisdiction with the district court in all civil actions when the amount in con- 
troversy, exclusive of costs, does not exceed $200, and in counties where no 
county court with criminal jurisdiction exists thfey shall have such jurisdiction 
to hear and determine cases of misdemeanor as may be provided by law, but in 
no case shall said justices of the peace have jurisdiction when the boundaries of 
or title to real estate shall come in question. The legislative assembly shall 
have power to abolish the office of justice of the peace and confer that jurisdic- 
tion upon judges of county courts, or elsewhere. 



16 STATE or XORTH DAKOTA. 



POLICE MAGISTRATES. 



Sec. 113. The legislative assembly shall provide by law for the election of 
police magistrates in cities, incorporated towns and villages, who in addition to 
their jurisdiction of all cases arising under the ordinances of said cities, towns 
and villages, shall be e.v-officio justices of the peace of the county in which 
said cities, towns and villages may be located. And the legislative assembly 
may confer upon said police magistrates the jurisdiction to hear, tiy and deter- 
mine all cases of misdemeanors, and the prosecutions therein shall be by infor- 
mation. 

Sec. 114. Appeals shall lie from the county courfc, final decisions of justices 
of the peace and police magistrates, in such cases and pursuant to such regula- 
tions as may be prescribed by law. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Sec. 115. The time of holding courts in the several counties of a district 
shall be as prescribed by law, but at least two terms of the district court shall 
be held annually in each organized county, and the legislative assembly shall 
make provisions for attaching unorganized counties or territories to organized 
counties for judicial purposes. 

Sec. 1 16. Judges of the district courts may hold court in other districts 
than their own under such regulations as shall be prescribed by law. 

Sec. 117. No judge of the supreme or district court shall act as attorney or 
counselor at Jaw. 

Sec 113. Until the legislative assembly shall provide by law for fixing the 
terms of courts, the judges of the supreme and district courts shall fix the 
terms thereof. 

Sec. 119. No judge of the supreme or district court shall be elected or ap- 
pointed to any other than judicial offices, or be eligible thereto, during the term 
for which he was elected or appointed such judge. All votes or appoiut- 
ments for either of them for any elective or aijpointive office except that of 
judge of the supreme court or district court, given by the legislative assembly 
or the people, shall be void. 

Sec. 120. Tribunals of conciliation may be established with such powers and 
duties as shall be prescribed by law, or the powers and duties of such may be 
conferred upon other courts of justice; but such tribunals or other courts, 
when sitting as such, shall have no power to render judgment to be obligatory 
on the parties, unless they voluntarily submit their matters of difference and 
agree to abide the judgment of such tribunals or courts. 

ARTICLE V. 

elective franchise. 

Sec. 121. Every male person of the age of 21 years or upwards belonging t» 
either of the following classes, who shall have resided in the state one year, in 
the county six months and in the precinct ninety days next preceding any elec- 
tion, shall be deemed a qualified elector at such election: 

First — Citizens of the United States. 

Second — Persons of foreisin birth who shall have declared their intention to 
become citizens one year and not more than six yeai-s prior to such election, 
conformably to the naturalization laws of the United States. 

IViird — Civilized persons of Indian descent who shall have severed their 
tribal relations two years next preceding such election. 

Sec. 122. The legislative assembly shall be empowered to make further ex- 
tensions oS suffrage hereafter, at its discretion, to all citizens of mature age 
and sound mind, not convicted o£ crime, without regard to sex; but do law 
extending or restricting the right of suffrage shall be in force until adopted by 
a majority of the electors of the state voting at a general election. 

Sec. 123. Electors shall in all cases except treason, felony, breach of the 
peace or illegal voting, be privileged from arrest on the days of election during 
their attendance at, going to and returning from such election [and no elector 
shall be obliged to perform military duty on the day of election except in time 
of war or public danger. 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 17 

Sec. 124. The general elections of the state shall be biennial, and shall be 
held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November; Provided, that 
the first general election under this constitution shall be held on the first Tues- 
day after the first Monday in November, A. D. 1890. 

Sec. 125. No elector shall be deemed to have lost his residence in this state 
by reason of his absence on business of the United States or of this state, or in 
the military or naval service of the United States. 

Sec. 126. No soldier, seaman or marine in the army or navy of the United 
States shall be deemed a resident of this state in consequence of his being sta- 
tioned therein. 

Sec. 127. No person who is under guardia nship, non compos mentis or insane, 
shall be qualified to vote at any election, nor shall any person convicted of 
treason or felony, unless restored to civil rights. 

Sec. 128. Any woman having qualifications enumerated in Sec. 121 of this 
article as to age, residence and citizenship, and including those now qualified by 
the laws of the territory, may vote for all school officers, and upon all questions 
pertaining solely to school matters, and be eligible to any school office. 

Sec. 129. All elections by the people shall be by secret ballot, subject to 
such regulations as shall be provided by law. 

ARTICLE VI. 
MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS. 

' Sec. 130. The legislative assembly shall provide by general law for the or- 
ganization of municipal corporations, restricting their powers as to levying 
taxes and assessments, borrowing money and contracting debts, and money 
raised by taxation, loan or assessment for any purpose shal 1 not be diverted to 
any other purpose except by authority of law. 

ARTICLE VII. 

CORPORATIONS OTHER THAN MUNICIPAL. 

Sec. 131. No charter of incorporation shall be granted, changed or amended 
by special law, except in the case of such municipal, charitable, educational, 
penal or reformatory corporations as may be under the control of the state; but 
the legislative assembly shall provide by general laws for the organization of all 
corporations hereafter to be created, and any such law, so passed, shall be sub- 
ject to future repeal or alteration. 

Sec. 132. All existing charters or grants of special or exclusive privileges, 
under which a Jona j^fZe organization shall not have taken place and business 
been commenced in good faith at the time this constitution takes effect, shall 
thereafter have no validity. 

Sec. 133. The legislative assembly shall not remit the forfeiture of the char- 
ter to any corporation now existing, nor alter or amend the same, nor pass any 
other general or special law for the benefit of such corporation, except upon the 
condition that such corporation shall thereafter hold its charter subject to the 
provisions of this constitution. 

Sec. 134. The exercise of the right of eminent domain shall never be 
abridged, or so construed as to prevent the legislative assembly from taking the 
property and franchises of incorporated companies and subjecting them to pub- 
lic use, the same as the property of individuals; and the exercise of the police 
power of this state shall never be abridged, or so construed as to permit corpo- 
rations to conduct their business in such a manner as to infringe the equal rights 
of individuals or the general well-being of the state. 

Sec. 135. In all elections for directors or managers of a corporation each 
member or shareholder may cast the whole number of his votes for one candi- 
date, or distribute them upon two or more candidates, as he may prefer. 

Sec. 136. No foreign corporation shall do business in this state without hav- 
ing one or more places of business and an authorized agent or agents in the 
same, upon whom process may be served. 

Sec. 137. No corporation shall engage in any business other than that ex- 
pressly authorized in its charter. 



18 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 

Sec. 138. No corporation shall issue stock or bonds except for money, labor 
done, or money or property actually received; and all fictitious increase or 
stock or indebtedness shall be void. 

The stock and indebtedness of corporations shall not be increased except in 
pursuance of general law, nor without the consent of the persons holding the 
larger amount in value of the stock first obtained at a meeting to be held after 
60 days' notice given in pursuance of law. 

Sec. 139. No law shall be passed by the legislative assembly granting the 
right to construct and operate a street railroad, telegraph, telephone or electric 
light plant within any city, town or incorporated village, without requiring the 
consent of the local authorities having the control of the street or highway pro- 
posed to be occupied for such purposes. 

Sec. 140. Every railroad corporation organized and doing business in this 
state, under the laws or authority thereof, shall have and maintain a public 
office or place in the state for the transaction of its business, where transfers 
of its stock shall be made, and in which shall be kept for public inspection 
books in which shall be recorded the amount of capital stock subscribed, and 
by whom; the names of the owners of its stock and the amount owned by 
them respectively; the amount of stock paid in and by whom, and the trans- 
fers of said stock ; the amount of its assets and liabilities, and the names and 
place of residence of its officers. The directors of every railroad corporation 
shall annually make a report, under oath, to the auditor of public accounts, 
or some officer or officers to be designated by law, of all their acts and doings, 
which report shall include such matters relating to railroads as may be pre- 
scribed by law, and the legislative assembly shall pass laws enforcing by suit- 
able penalties the provisions of this section; Provided, the provisions of this 
section shall not be so construed as to apply to foreign corporations. 

Sec. 141. No railroad corporation shall consolidate its stock, property or 
franchises with any other railroad corporation owning a parallel or competing 
line; and in no case shall any consolidation take place except upon public 
notice given at least 60 days to all stockholders, in such manner as may be pro- 
vided by law. Any attempt to evade the provisions of this section, by any 
railroad corporation, by lease or otherwise, shall work a forfeiture of its char- 
ter. 

Sec. 142. Eailways heretofore constructed or that may hereafter be con- 
structed in this state, are hereby declared public highways, and all railroad, 
sleeping car, telegraph, telephone and transportation companies of passengers, 
intelligence and freight, are declared to be common carriers and subject to leg- 
islative control; and the legislative assembly shall have power to enact laws 
regulating and controlling the rates of charges for the transportat'on of passen- 
gers, • intelligence and freight, as such common carriers, from one point to 
another in this state; Provided, that appeal may be had to the courts of this 
state from the rates so fixed ; but the rates fixed by the legislative assembly or 
board of railroad commissioners shall remain in force pending the decision of 
the courts. 

Sec. 143. Any association or corporation organized for the purpose shall 
have the right to construct and operate a railroad between any points within 
this state, and to connect at the state line with the railroads of other states. 
Every railroad company shall have the right with its road to intersect, connect 
with or cross any other; and shall receive and transport each other's passengers, 
tonnage and cars, loaded or empty, without delay or discrimination. 

Sec. 144. The term "corporation," as used in this article, shall not be 
understood as embracing municipalities or political divisions of the state imless 
otherwise expressly stated, but it shall be held and construed to include all 
associations and joint stock companies having any of the powers or privileges 
of corporations not possessed by individuals or partnerships. 

Sec. 145. If a general banking law be enacted, it shall provide for the reg- 
istry and countersigning by an officer of the state, of all notes or bills designed 
for circulation, and that ample security to the full amount thereof shall be 
deposited with the state treasurer for the redemption of such notes or bills. 

Sec. 146. Any combination between individuals, corporations, associations, 
or either, having for its object or effect the controlling of the price of any pro- 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 19 

duct of the soil or any article of manufacture or commerce, or the cost of 
exchange or transportation, is prohibited and hereby declared unlawful and 
against public policy, and any and all franchises heretofore granted or ex- 
tended or that may hereafter be granted or extended in this state, whenever 
the owner or owners thereof violate this article, shall be deemed annulled 
and become void. 

AETICLE VIII. 

EDUCATION. 

Sec. 147. A high degree of intelligence, patriotism, integrity and morality 
on the part of every voter in a government by the people being necessary in 
order to insure the continuance of that government and the prosperity and 
happiness of the people, the legislative assembly shall make provision for 
the establishment and maintenance of a system of public schools which 
shall be open to all children of the State of North Dakota, and free from sec- 
tarian control. This legislative requirement shall be irrevocable without the 
consent of the United States and the people of North Dakota. 

Sec. 148. The legislative assembly shall provide at its first session after the 
adoption of this constitution, for a uniform system of free public schools 
throughout the state; beginning with the primary and extending through all 
grades up to and including the normal and collegiate course. 

Sec 149. In all schools instruction shall be given as far as practicable in those 
branches of knowledge that tend to impiess upon the mind the vital impor- 
tance of truthfulness, temperance, purity, public spirit, and respect for honest 
labor of every kind. 

Sec. 150. A superintendent of schools for each county shall be elected 
every two years, whose qualifications, duties, powers and compensation shall 
be fixed by law. 

Sec. 151. The legislative assembly shall take such other steps as may be 
necessary to prevent illiteracy, secure a reasonable degree of uniformity in 
course of study and to promote industrial, scientific and agricultural improve- 
ment. • 

Sec. 152. All colleges, universities and other educational institutions, for 
the support of which lands have been granted to this state, or which are sup- 
ported by a public tax, shall remain under the absolute and exclusive control 
of the state. No money raised for the support of the public schools of the 
state shall be appropriated to or used for the support of any sectarian school. 

ARTICLE IX. 

SCHOOL AND PUBLIC LANDS. 

Sec. 153. All proceeds of the public lands that have heretofore been, or may 
hereafter be granted by the United States for the support of the common- 
schools in this state; all such per centum as may be granted by the United 
States on the sale of public lands; the proceeds of property that shall fall to 
the state by escheat; the proceeds of all gifts and donations to the state for 
common schools, or not otherwise appropriated by the terms of the gift, and all 
other property otherwise acquired for common schools, shall be and remain a 
perpetual fund for the maintenance of the common schools of the state. It 
shall be deemed a trust fund, the principal of which shall forever remain in- 
violate and may be increased but never diminished. The state shall make 
good all losses thereof. 

Sec. 154. The interest and income of this fund, together with the net pro- 
ceeds of all fines for violation of state laws, and all other sums which may be 
added thereto by law, shall be faithfully used and applied each year for the 
benefit of the common schools of the state, and shall be for this purpose ap- 
portioned among and between all the several common school corporations of 
the state in proportion to the number of children in each of school age, as may 
be fixed by law, and no part of the fund shall ever be diverted even tempora- 
rily from this purpose, or used for any other purpose whatever than the main- 



20 STATE OF XOETH DAKOTA. 

t^nance of common schools for the equal benefit of all the people of the state; 
Provided, hoicever, that if any portion of the interest or income aforesaid be not 
expended during any year, said portion shall be added to and become a part of 
the school fund. 

Sec. 155. After one year from the assembling of the first legislative assem- 
bly, the lands granted to the state from the United States for the support of the 
common schools, may be sold upon the following conditions, and no other: No 
more than one-fourth of all such lands shall be sold within the first 5 years after 
the same become salable by virtue of this section. Xo more than one-half of 
the remainder within 10 years after the same become salable as aforesaid. The 
residue may be sold at any time after the expiration of said 10 years. The 
legislative assembly shall provide for the sale of all school lands subject to the 
provisions of this article. The coal lands of the state shall never be sold, but 
the legislative assembly may by general law provide for leasing the same; the 
words ''coal lands" shall include lands bearing lignite coal. 

Sec. 156. The superintendent of public instruction, governor, attorney gen- 
eral, secretary of state and state auditor shall constitute a board of commis- 
sioners, which shall be denominated the "Board of University and School 
Lands," and subject to the provisions of this article and any law that may be 
passed by the legislative assembly, said board shall have control of the appraise- 
ment, sale, rental and disposal of all school and university lands, and shall di- 
rect the investment of the funds arising therefrom in the hands of the state 
treasurer, under the limitations of Sec. 160 of this article. 

Sec. 157. The county superintendent of common schools, the chairman of 
the county board and the county auditor, shall constitute boards of appraisal, 
and under the authority of the state board of university and school lands shall 
appraise all school lands within their respective counties, which they may from 
time to time recommend for sale at their actual value, under the prescribed 
terms, and shall first select and designate for sale the most valuable lands. 

Sec. 158. No land shall be sold for less than the appraised value, and in no 
case for less than $10 per acre. The purchaser shall pay one-fifth of the price 
in cash, and the remaining four-fifths as follows: One-fifth in 5 years, one-fifth 
in 10 years, one-fifth in 15 years and one-'fifth in 20 years, with interest at the 
rate of not less than 6 per centum, payable annually in advance. All sales shall 
be held at the county seat of the county in which the land to be sold is situate, 
and shall be at public auction, and to the highest bidder, after 60 days' adver- 
tisement of the same in a newspaper of general circulation in the vicinity of 
the lands to be sold, and one at the seat of government. Such lands as shall 
not have been specially subdivided shall be offered in tracts of one-quarter sec- 
tion, and those so subdivided in the smallest subdivision. All lands designated 
for sale and not sold within two years after appraisal shall be reappraised before 
they are sold. Xo grant or patent for any such lands shall issue until payment 
is made for the same; Provided, that the lands contracted to be sold by the state 
shall be subject to taxation from the date of such contract. In case the taxes 
assessed against any of said lands for any year remain unpaid until the first 
Jlonday in October of the following year, then and thereupon the contract of 
sale for such lands shall become null and void. 

Sec. 159. All land, money or other property donated, granted or received 
from the United States or any other source for a university, school of mines, 
reform school, agricultural college, deaf and dumb asylum, normal school or 
other educational or charitable institution or purpose, and the proceeds of all 
such lands and other property so received from any source, shall be and remain 
perpetual funds, the interest and income of which, together with the rents of 
all such lands as may remain unsold, shall be inviolably appropriated and ap- 
plied to the .specific objects of the original grants or gifts. The principal of 
every such fund maybe increased but shall never be dimin.shed, and the interest 
and income only shall be used. Every fund shall be deemed a trust fund held 
by the state, and the state shall make good all losses thereof. 

Sec. 160. Ail land mentioned in the preceding section shall be appraised 
and .sold in the .same manner and under the same limitations and subject to all 
the conditions as to price and sale as provided above for the appraisal and sale 
of lands for the benefit of common schools; but a distinct and separate account 



STATK OF XOKTII DAKOTA. 21 

shall be kept by the proper officers of each of said funds; Provided, that the 
limitations as to the time in •which school land may be sold shall apply only 
to lauds granted for the support of common schools. 

Sec. 161. The legislative assembly shall have authority to provide by .law 
for the leasing of lands granted to the state for educational and charitable pur- 
poses; but no such law shall authorize the leasing of said lands for a longer 
period than five years. Said land shall only be leased for pasturage and 
meadow purposes and at a public auction after notice as heretofore piovided in 
case of sale; Provided, that all of said school lands now under cultivation may 
be leased at the discretion and under the control of the board of university and 
school lands, for other than pasturage and meadow purposes until sold. All 
rents shall be paid in advance. 

Sec. 162. The moneys of the permanent school fund and other educational 
funds shall be invested only in bonds of school corporations within the state, 
bonds of the United States, bonds of the State of North Dakota, cc in first 
mortgages on farm lands in the state not exceeding in amount one- third of the 
actual value of any subdivision on which the same may be loaned, such value 
to be determined by the board of appraisers of school lands. 

Sec. 163. No law shall ever be passed by the legislative assembly granting 
to any person, corporation or association any privileges by reason of the occu- 
pation, cultivation or improvement of any public lands by said person, corpo- 
ration or association subsequent to the survey thereof by the general govern- 
ment. No claim for the occupation, cultivation or improvement of any public 
lands shall ever be recognized, nor shall such occupation, cultivation or im- 
provement of any public lands ever be used to diminish either directly or in- 
directly the purchase price of said lands. 

Sec. 164. The legislative assembly shall have authority to provide by law 
for the sale or disposal of all public lands that have been heretofore or may 
hereafter be granted by the United States to the state for purposes other than 
set forth and named in Sees. 153 and 159 of this article. And the legislative 
assembly, in providing for the appraisement, sale, rental and disposal of the 
same shall not be subject to the provisions and limitations of this article. 

Sec. 165. The legislative assembly shall pass suitable laws for the safekeep- 
ing, transfer and disbursement of the state school funds; and shall require all 
ofiicers charged with the same or tha safe keeping thereof to give ample bonds 
for all moneys and funds received by them, and if any of said officers shall 
convert to his own use in any manner or form, or shall loan with or without 
interest or shall deposit in his own name, or otherwise than in the name of the 
State of North Dakota, or shall deposit in any banks or with any person or per- 
sons, or exchange for other funds or pi-operty any portion of the school funds 
aforesaid, or purposely allow any portion of the same to remain in his own 
hands uninvested except in the manner prescribed by law, every such act shall 
constitute an embezzlement of so much of the aforesaid school funds as shall 
be thus taken or loaned, or deposited, or exchanged, or withheld, and shall be 
a felony ; and any failure to pay over, produce or account for, the state school 
funds or any part of the same intrusted to any such officer, as by law required 
or demanded, shall be held and be taken to be prima facie evidence of such em- 
bezzlement. 

AETICLE X. 
county and township organization. 

Sec. 166. The several counties in the Territory of Dakota lying north of 
the 7th standai-d parallel, as they now exist, are hereby declared to be coun- 
ties of the State of North Dakota. 

Sec. 167. TLo legislative assembly shall provide by general law for organiz- 
ing new counties, locating the county seats thereof temporarily, and changing 
county lines; but no new county shall be organized, nor shall any organized 
county be so reduced as to include an area of less than 24 congressional town- 
ships, and containing a population of less than 1, 000 Z/o)irtJirfe inhabitants. And 
in the organization of new counties and in changing the lines of organized coun- 
ties and boundaries of congressionel townships, natural boundaries shall be 
observed as nearly as may be. 



22 STATE OF XORTH DAKOTA. 

Sec. 168. All changes in the boundaries of organized counties before taking 
effect shall be submitted to the electors of the county or counties to be affected 
thereby, at a general election, and be adopted by a majority of all the legal 
votes cast in each county at such election ; and in case any portion of an organ- 
ized county is stricken off and added to another, the county to which such 
portion is added shall assume and be holden for an equitable proportion of the 
indebtedness of the county so reduced. 

Sec. 169. The legislative assembly shall provide by general law for chang- 
ing county seats in organized counties, but it shall have no power to remove the 
county seat of any organized county. 

Sec. 170. The legislative assembly shall provide by general law for town- 
ship organization under which any county may organize whenever a majority 
of all the legal voters of such county, voting at a general election, shall so 
determine; and whene'ver any county shall adopt township organization, so 
much of this constitution as provides for the management of the fiscal con- 
cerns of said county by the board of county commissioners may be dispensed 
with by a majority vote of the people voting at any general election; and the 
affairs of said county may be transacted by the chairman of the several town- 
ship boards of said county, and such others as may be provided by law for 
incorporated cities, towns or villages within such county. 

Sec. 171. In any county that shall have adopted a system of government 
by the chairmen of the several township boards, the question of continuing 
the same may be submitted to the electors of such county at a general election 
in such a manner as may be provided by law, and if a majority of all the votes 
cast upon such question shall be against said system of government, then such 
system shall cease in said county, and the affairs of said county shall then be 
transacted by a board of county commissioners as is now provided by the laws 
of the Territoiy of Dakota. 

Sec. 172. Until the system of county government by the chairmen of the sev- 
eral township boards is adopted by any county the fiscal affairs of said county 
shall be transacted by a board of county commissioners. Said board shall con- 
sist of not less than 3 and not more than 5 members, whose term of office shall 
be prescribed by law. Said board shall hold sessions for the transaction of 
county business as shall be provided by law. 

Sec. 173. At the first general election held after the adoption of this consti- 
tution, and every two years thereafter, there shall be elected in each organized 
county in the state a county judge, clerk of court, register of deeds, county 
auditor, treasurer, sheriff and state's attorney, who shall be electors of the 
county in which they are elected and who shall hold their office until their 
successors are elected and qualified. The legislative assembly shall provide 
by law for such other county, township and district officers as may be deemed 
necessary, and shall prescribe the duties and compensation of all county, town- 
ship and district officers. The sherifl' and treasurer of any county shall not 
hold their respective offices for more than four years in succession. 

ARTICLE XI. 

REVENUE AND TAXATION. 

Sec. 174. The legislative assembly shall provide for raising revenue suffi- 
cient to defray the expenses of the state for each year, not to exceed in any one 
year four (4) mills on the dollar of the assessed valuation of all taxable property 
in the state, to be ascertained by the last assessment made for state and county 
purposes, and also a sufficient sum to pay the interest on the state debt. 

Sec. 175. No tax shall be levied except in pursuance of law, and every law 
imposing a tax shall state distinctly the object of the same, to which only it 
shall be applied. 

Sec. 176. Laws shall be passed taxing by uniform rule all property accord- 
ing to its true value in money, but the property of the United States, and the 
state, county and municipal corporations, both real and personal, shall be ex- 
empt from taxation, and the legislative assembly shall by a general law exempt 
from taxation property used exclusively for school, religious, cemetery or chari- 
table purposes, and personal property to any amount not exceeding in value 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 23 

$200 for each individual liable to taxation; but the legislative assembly may, 
by law, provide for the payment of a "per centum of gross earnings of railroad 
companies to be j>aid in lieu of all state, county, township and school taxes on 
property exclusively used in and about the prosecution of the business of such 
companies as common carriers, but no real estate of said corporations shall be 
exempted from taxation in the same manner and on the same basis as other 
real estate is taxed, except roadbed, right of way, shops and buildings used 
exclusively in their business as common carriers; and whenever and so long as 
such law providing for the payment of a per centum on earnings shall be in 
force, that part of Sec. 179 of this article relating to assessments of railroad prop- 
erty shall cease to be in force. 

Sec. 177. All improvements on land shall be assessed in accordance with 
Sec. 179, but plowing shall not be considered as an improvement or add to the 
value of land for the purpose of assessment. 

Sec. 178. The power of taxation shall never be surrendered or suspended by 
any grant or contract to which the state or any county or other municipal cor- 
poration shall be a party. 

Sec. 179. All property, except as hereinafter in this section provided, shall 
be assessed in the county, city, township, town, village or district in wtiich it 
is situated, in the manner prescribed by law. The franchise, roadway, road- 
bed, rails and rolling stock of all railroads operated in this state shall be as- 
sessed by the state board of equalization at their actual value, and such assessed 
valuation shall be apportioned to the counties, cities, towns, townships and 
districts in which said roads are located, as a basis for taxation of such property, 
in proportion to the number of miles of railway laid in such counties, cities, 
towns, townships and districts. 

Sec. 180. The legislative assembly may provide for the levy, collection and 
■disposition of an annual poll tax of not more than one dollar and fif<^y cents 
($1.50) on every male inhabitant of this state over 21 and under 50 years ot 
age, except paupers, idiots, insane persons and Indians not taxed. 

Sec. 181. The legislative assembly shall pass all laws necessary to carry 
■out the provisions of this article. 

ARTICLE XII. 
PUBLIC DEBT AND PUBLIC WORKS. 

Sec. 182, The state may, to meet casual deficits or failure in the revenue, 
or in case of extraordinary emergencies, contract debts, but such debts shall 
never in the aggregate exceed the sum of $200,000, exclusive of what may be 
the debt of North Dakota at the time of the adoption of this constitution. 
Every such debt shall be authorized by law for certain purposes to be definitely 
mentioned therein, and every such law shall provide for levying an annual tax 
sufficient to pay the interest semi-annually, and the principal within 30 years 
from the passage of such law, and shall specially appropriate the proceeds of 
such tax to the payment of said principal and interest, and such appropriation 
shall not be repealed nor the tax discontinued until such debt, both principal 
and interest, shall have been fully paid. No debt in excess of the limit named 
shall be incurred except for the purpose of repelling invasion, suppressing in- 
surrection, defending the state in time of war, or to provide for public defense 
in case of threatened hostilities; but the issuing of new bonds to refund exist- 
ing indebtedness shall not be construed to be any part or portion of said $200,- 
000. 

Sec. 183. The debt of any county, township, town, school district, or any 
other political subdivision, shall never exceed five (5) per centum upon the 
assessed value of the taxable property therein ; Provided, that any incorporated 
city may, by a two-thirds vote, increase such indebtedness three (3) per centum 
on such assessed value beyond said five (5) per centum limit. In estimating the 
indebtedness which a city, county, township, school district or any other political 
subdivision may incur, the entire amount of existing indebtedness, whether 
•contracted prior o"r subsequent to the adoption of this constitution, shall be in- 



24 STATE OF XOKTH DAKOJ A. 

eluded; Provided farther, that any incorporated city may become indebted in 
any amount not exceeding four (4) per centum on such assessed value without 
regard to the existing indebtedness of such city, for the purpose of constructing 
or purchasing water works for furnishing a supply of water to the inhabitants 
of such city, or for the purpose of constructing sewers, and for no other purpose 
whatever. All bonds or obligations in excess of the amount of indebtedness 
permitted by this constitution, given by any city, county, township, town, 
school district, or any other political subdivision, shall be void. 

Sec. 181. Any city, county, township, town, school district, or any other 
political subdivision incurring indebtedness shall, at or before the time of so 
doing, provide for the collection of an annual tax sufficient to pay the interest 
and also the principal thereof when due, and all laws or ordinances providing 
for the payment of the interest or principal of any debt shall be trrepealable 
until such debt be paid. 

Sec. 185. Neither the stat« nor any county, city, township, town, school district 
or any other political subdivision shall loan or give its credit or make donations 
to or in aid of any individual, association or corporation, except for neces.sary 
support of the poor, nor subscribe to or become the owner of the capital stock 
of any association or corporation, nor shall the state engage in any work of 
internal improvement unless authorized by a two-thirds vote of the people. 

Sec. 186. No money shall be paid out of the state treasury except upon 
appropriation by law and on warrant drawn by the proper officer, and no bills, 
claims, accounts or demands against the state, or any county or other political 
subdivision, shall be audited, allowed or paid until a full itemized statement 
in writing shall be filed with the officer or officers whose duty it may be to audit 
the same. 

Sec. 187. No bond or evidence of indebtedness of the state shall be valid 
unless the same shall have indorsed thereon a certificate, signed by the auditor 
and secretary of state, that the bond or evidence of debt is issued pursuant t-o 
law and is within the debt limit. No bond or evidence of debt of any county, or 
bond of any township or other political subdivision shall be valid unless the 
same have indorsed thereon a certificate signed by the county auditor, or other 
officer authorized by law to sign such certificate, stating that said bond, or 
evidence of debt, is issued pursuant to law and is within the debt limit. 

ARTICLE XIII. 
3IILITIA. 

Sec. 188. The militia of this state shall consist of all able-bodied male 
persons residing in the state, between the agro of 18 and 45 years, except such 
as may be exempted by the laws of the United States or of this state. Persons 
whose religious tenets or conscientious scruples forbid them to bear arms shall 
not be comi^elled to do so in times of peace, but shall pay an equivalent for a 
personal ser\ice. 

Sec. 189. The militia shall be enrolled, organized, uniformed, armed and 
disciplined in such a manner as shall be provided by law, not incompatible 
with the constitution or laws of the United States. 

Sec. 190. The legislative assembh' shall provide by law for the establish- 
ment of volunteer organizations of the several arms of the service, which shall 
be classed as active militia, and no other organized body of armed men shall 
be permitted to perform military duty in this state, except the army of the 
United States, without the proclamation of the governor of the state. 

Sec. 191. All militia officers shall be appointed or elected in such a manner 
as the legislative assembly shall provide. 

Sec. 192. The commissioned officers of the militia shall be commissioned 
by the governor, and no commissioned officer shall be removed from office 
except by sentence of court mirtial pursuant to law. 

Sec. 193. The militia foree> sh?ll in all cases, except treason, felony or 
breach of the psace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at mus- 
ters, parades and election of officers, and in goinj; to an 1 returning from the 
same. 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 25 

ARTICLE XIV. 
IMPEACHMENT AND REMOVAL FROM OFFICE. 

Sec. 194. The house of represeatatives shall have the sole power of im- 
peachment. The concurrence of a, majority of all members elected shall be 
necessary to an impeachment. 

Sec. 195. All impeachments shall be tried by the senate. When sitting 
for that purpose the senators shall be upon oath or affirmation to do justice 
according to the law and evidence. No person shall be convicted without the 
concurrence of two-thirds of the members] elected. When the governor or 
lieutenant governor is on trial, the presiding judge of the supreme court shall 
preside. 

Sec. 196. The governor and other state and judicial officers, except county 
judges, justices of the peace and police magistrates, shall be liable to impeach- 
ment for habitual drunkenness, crimes, corrupt conduct, or malfeasance or 
misdemeanor in office, bat judgment in such cases shall not extend further 
than removal from office and disqualification to hold any office of trust or profit 
under the state. The person accused, whether convicted or acquitted, shall 
nevertheless be liable to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment accord- 
ing to law. 

Sec. 197. All officers not liable to impeachment shall be subject to removal 
for misconduct, malfeasance, .crime or misdemeanor in office, or for habitual 
drunkenness or gross incompetency, in such manner as may be provided by law. 

Sec. 198. No officer shall exercise the duties of his office after he shall have 
been impeached and before his acquittal. 

Sec. 199. On trial of impeachment against the governor, the lieutenant 
governor shall not act as a member of the court. 

Sec. 200. No person shall be tried on impeachment before he shall have 
been served with a copy thereof, at least 20 days previous to the day set for 
trial. 

Sec. 201. No person shall be liable to impeachmeiit twice for the same 
offense. 

ARTICLE XV. 

FUTURE A3IENDMENTS. 

Sec. 202. Any amendment or amendments to this constitution may be 
proposed in either house of the legislative assembly, and if the same shall be 
agreed to by a majority of the members elected to each of the two houses, such 
proposed amendment shall be entered on the journal of the house with the yeas 
and nays taken thereon, and referred to the legislative assembly to be chosen 
at the next general election, and shall be published, as provided by law, for 
three months previous to the time of making such choice; and if in the legis- 
lative assembly so next chosen as aforesaid such proposed amendment or amend- 
ments shall be agreed to by a majority of all tie members elected to each 
house, then it shall be the duty of the legislative assembly to submit such 
proposed amendment or amendments to the people in such manner and at such 
time as the legislative assembly shall provide; and if the people shall approve 
and ratify such amendment or amendments by a majority of the electors quali- 
fied to vote for members of the legislative assembly voting thereon, such 
amendment or amendments shall become a part of the constitution of this 
state. IS two or more amendments shall be submitted at the same time they 
shall be submitted in such manner that the electors shall vote for or against 
each of such amendments separately. 

ARTICLE XVI. 

compact with the UNITED STATES. 

The following article shall be irrevocable without the consent of the United 
States and the people of this state: 

Sec 203. Firxt — Perfect toleration of religious sentiment shall be secured, 
and no inhabitant of this state shall ever be molested in person or property on 
account of his or her mode of religious worship. 



26 STATE OF >rORTH DAKOTA. 

Second — The people inhabiting this state do agree and declare that they for- 
ever disclaim all right and title to the unappropriated public lands lying within 
the boundaries thereof, and to all lands lying within said limits owned or held 
by any Indian or Indian tribes, and that until the title thereto shall have been 
extinguished by the United States, the same shall be and remain subject to the 
disposition of the United States, and that said Indian lands shall remain under 
the absolute jurisdiction and control of the Congress of the United States; that 
the lands belonging to citizens of the United States residing without this state 
shall never be taxed at a higher rate than the lands belonging to residents of 
this state; that no taxes shall be imposed by this state on lands or property 
therein belonging to, or which may hereafter be purchased by the United 
States, or reserved for its use. But nothing in this article shall preclude this 
state from taxing as other lands are taxed, any lands owned or held by any 
Indian who has severed his tribal relations, and has obtained from the United 
States, or from any person, a title thereto, by patent or other grant, save and 
except such lands as have been or may be granted to any Indian or Indians under 
any acts of Congress containing a provision exempting the lands thus granted 
from taxation, which last mentioned lands shall be exempt from taxation so long, 
and to such an extent, as is or may be x^rovided in the act of Congress grant- 
ing the same 

TJiird — In order that payment of the debts and liabilities contracted or in- 
curred by and in behalf of the Territory of Dakota may be justly and equita- 
bly provided for and .made, and in pursuance of the requirements of an act of 
Congress approved Feb. 22, 1839, entitled "An Act to provide for the division 
of Dakota into two states and to enable the people of North Dakota, South Da- 
kota, Montana and Washington to form constitutions and state governments 
and to be admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original states, 
and to make donations of public lands to such states, ' ' the states of North Da- 
kota and South Dakota, by proceedings of a joint commission, duly appointed 
under said act, the sessions whereof were held at Bismarck in said State of 
North Dakota, from July 16, 1389, to July 31, 1889, inclusive, have agreed to 
the following adjustment of the amounts of the debts and liabilities of the 
Territory of Dakota which shall be assumed and paid by each of the states of 
North Dakota and South Dakota, respectively, to-wit: 

This agreement shall take effect and be in force from and after the admission 
into the Union, as one of the United States of America, of either the State of 
North Dakota or the State of South Dakota. 

The words "State of North Dakota," whenever used in this agreement, shall 
be taken to mean the Territory of North Dakota in case the State of South Da- 
kota shall be admitted into the Union j)rior to the admission into the Union of 
the State of North Dakota; and the words "State of South Dakota," whenever 
used in this agreement, shall be taken to mean the Territory of South Dakota 
in case the State of North Dakota shall be admitted into the Union prior to the 
admission into the Union of the State of South Dakota. 

The said State of North Dakota shall assume and pay all bonds issued by the 
Territory of Dakota to provide funds for the purchase, construction, repairs or 
maintenance of such public institutions, grounds or buildings as are located 
within the boundaries of North Dakota, and shall pay all warrants issued un- 
der and by virtue of that certain act of the legislative assembly of the Territory of 
Dakota, approved March 8, 1889, entitled "An Act to provide for the refund- 
ing of outstanding warrants drawn on the capitol building fund." 

The said State of South Dakota shall assume and pay all bonds issued by 
the Territory of Dakota to provide funds for the purchase, construction, repairs 
or maintenance of such public institutions, grounds or buildings as are located 
within the boundaries of South Dakota. 

That is to say: The State of North Dakota shall assume and pay the follow- 
ing bonds and indebtedness, to-wit: 

Bonds issued on account of the hospital for insane at Jamestown, North 
Dakota, the face aggregate of which is $266,000; also, bonds issued on account 
of the North Dakota University at Grand Forks, North Dakota, the face aggre- 
gate of which is $96,700; also, bonds issued on account of the penitentiary at 
Bismarck, North Dakota, the face aggregate of which is $93,600; also, refund- 
ing capitol building warrants dated April 1, 1889, $33,507.46. 



STATE OF NOETH DAKOTA. 27 

And the State of South Dakota shall assume and pay the following bonds 
and indebtedness, to-wit: 

Bonds issued on account of the hospital for the insane at Yankton, South 
Dakota, the face aggregate of which is $210,000; also, bonds issued on account 
of the school for deaf mutes at Sioux Falls, South Dakota, the face aggregate 
of which is $51,000; also, bonds issued on account of the university at Ver- 
million, South Dakota, the face aggregate of which is $75,000; also, bonds is- 
sued on account of the penitentiary at Sioux Falls, South Dakota, the face aggre- 
gate of which is $94,300, also, bonds issued on account of the agricultural col- 
ege at Brookings, South Dakota, the face aggregate of which is $97,500; also, 
bonds issued on account of the normal school at Madison, South Dakota, the 
face aggregate of which is $49,400; also, bonds issued on account of the school 
of mines at Kajpid City, South Dakota, the face aggregate of which is $33,000; 
also, bonds issued on account of the reform school at Plankinton, South Dakota, 
the face aggregate of which is $30,000; also, bonds issued on account of the nor- 
mal school at Spearfish, South Dakota, the face aggregate of which is $25,000; 
also, bonds issued on account of the soldiers' home at Hot Springs, South 
Dakota, the face aggregate of which is $45,000. 

The states of North Dakota and South Dakota shall pay one-half each of all 
liabilities now existing or hereafter and prior to the taking effect of this 
agreement incurred, except those heretofore or hereafter incurred on account of 
public institutions, grounds or buildings, except as otherwise herein specifically 
provided. 

The State of Soath Dakota shall pay to the State of North Dakota $46,500, on 
account of the excess of territorial appropriations for the permanent improve- 
ment of territorial institutions which under this agreement will go to South 
Dakota, and in full of the undivided one-half interest of North Dakota in the 
territorial library, and in full settlement of unbalanced accounts, and of all 
claims against the territory, of whatever nature, legal or equitable, arising out 
of the alleged erroneous or unlawful taxationof Northern Pacific railroad lands, 
and the payment of said amount shall discharge and exempt the State of South 
Dakota from all liabilities for or on account of the several matters hereinbefore 
referred to; nor shall either state be called upon to pay or answer to any portion 
of liabilities hereafter arising or accruing on account of transactions heretofore 
had, which liability would be a liability of the Territory of Dakota had such 
territory remained in existence, and which liability shall grow out of matters 
connected with any public institutions, grounds or buildings of the territory 
situated or located within the boundaries of the other state. 

A final adjustment of accounts shall be made upon the following basis: North 
Dakota shall be charged with all sums paid on account of the public institu- 
tions, grounds or buildings located within its boundaries on account of the cur- 
rent appropriations since March, 9, 1889, and South Dakota shall be charged 
with all sums paid on account of public institutions, grounds or buildings lo- 
cated within its boundaries on the same account and during the same time. 
Each state shall be charged with one-half of all other expenses of the territorial 
government during the same time. All moneys paid into the treasury during 
the ijeriod from March 8, 1889, to the time of taking effect of this agreement by 
any county, municipality or person within the limits of the proposed State of 
North Dakota shall be credited to the State of North Dakota; and all sums 
paid into said treasury within the same time by any county, municipality or 
person within the limits of the proposed State of South Dakota shall be credited 
to the State of South Dakota; except that any and all taxes on gross earnings 
paid into said treasury by railroad corporations since the eighth day of March, 
1889, based upon earnings of years prior to 1888, under and by virtue of the act 
of the legislative assembly of the Territory of Dakota, approved March 7, 1889, 
and entitled "An Act providing for the levy and collection of taxes upon prop- 
erty of railroad companies in this territory," being Chap. 107 of the Session 
Laws of 1889 (that is, the part of such sums going to the territory], shall be 
equally divided between the states of North Dakota and South Dakota, and all 
taxes heretofore or hereafter paid into said treasury under and by virtue of the 
act last mentioned, based on the gross earnings of the year 1888, shall be dis- 
tributed as already provided by law, except that so much thereof as goes to the 



28 STATE OF XOETH DAKOTA. 

territorial treasurer shall be dirided as follows: North Dakota shall have so 
much thereof as shall be or has been paid by railroads within the limits of the 
proposed State of North Dakota, and South Dakota so much thereof as shall be 
or has been paid by railroads within the limits of the proposed State of South 
Dakota: each state shall be credited also with all balances of appropriations 
made by the Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Dakota for 
the account of the public institutions, grounds or buildings situated within its 
limits, remaining unexpended on March 8, 1S39. If there shall be any indebt- 
edness except the indebtedness represented by the bonds and refunding war- 
rants hereinbefore mentioned, each state shall at the time olf such final adjust- 
ment of accounts assume its share of said indebtedness as determined by the 
amount paid on account of the public institutions, grounds or buildings of such 
state in excess of the receipts from counties, municipalities, railroad corpora- 
tions or persons within the limits of said state, as provided in this article; and 
if there should be a surplus at the time of such final adj ustment, each state shall 
be entitled to the amounts received from counties, municipalities, railroad cor- 
porations or persons within its limits over and above the amount charged it. 
And the State of North Dakota hereby obligates itself to pay such part of the 
debts and liabilities of the Territory of Dakota as is declared by the foregoing 
agreement to be its proportion thereof, the same as if such proportion had been 
originally created by said State of North Dakota as its own debt or liabitity. 

Sec. 204. Jnrisdiction is ceded to the United States over the military reser- 
vations of Fort Abraham Lincoln, Fort.Buford, Fort Pembina and Fort Totten, 
heretofore declared by the president of the United States; Frovided, legal pro- 
cess, civil and criminal, of this state, shall extend over such reservations in all 
cases in which exclusive jurisdictiori is not vested in the United Stat««, MB^f 
crimes not commited within the limits of such reservations. 

Sec. 205. The State of North Dakota fcereby accepts the several grants of 
land granted by the United States to the State of North Dakota by an act of 
Congress entitled "An Act to provide for the division of Dakota into two states, 
and to enable the people of North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and "Wash- 
ington to form constitutions and state governments, and to be admitted into 
the Union on equal footing with the original states, and to make donations of 
public lauds to such states.'' under the conditions and limitations therein men- 
tioned; reserving the right, however, to apply to Congress for modifications of 
said conditions and limitations in case of necessity. 



ARTICLE XYIL 
MISCELLANEOUS. 

Sec. 206. The name of this state shall be "North Dakota." The State of 
North Dakota shall consist of all the territory included within the following 
boundaries, to-wit: Commencing at a point in the main channel of the Red 
River of the North, where the 49th degree of north latitude crosses the same; 
thence south up the main channel of the same and along the boundary line of 
the State of Minnesota to a point where the 7th standard parallel intersects the 
SI me; thence west along said 7th standard parallel produced due west to a 
point where it intersects the 27th meridian of longitude west fromW;^shington; 
thence north on said meridian to a point where it intersects the 49th degree of 
north latitude; thence east along said line to place of beginniug. 

Sec. 207. The following described seal is hereby declared to be and hereby 
constituted the great seal of the State of North Dakota, to-wit: A tree in the 
open field, the trunk of which is surrounded by three bundles of wheat; on 
the right a plow, anvil and sledge; on the left a bow crossed with three arrows, 
and an Indian on horseback pursuing a bufialo towards the setting son; the 
foliage of the tree arched by a half circle of forty-two stars, surrounded by the 
motto " Liberty and union now and forever, one and inseparable; " the word.s 
"Great Seal" at the top; the words "State of North Dakota" at the bottom; 
"October 1st" on the left and "1889" on the right. The seal to be two and 
one-half inches in diameter. 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 29 

Sec. 208. The right of the debtor to enjoy the comforts and necessaries of 
life shall be recognized by wholesome laws exempting from forced sale to all 
heads of families a homestead, the value of which shall be limited and defined 
by law, and a reasonable amount of personal property; the kind and value shall 
be fixed by law. This section shall not be construed to prevent liens against 
the homestead for labor done and materials furnished in the improvement 
thereof, in such manner as may be prescribed by law. 

Sec. 209. The labor of children under 12 years of age shall be prohibited 
in mines, factories and workshops in this state. 

Sec. 210. All flowing streams and natural watercourses shall forever remain 
theproperty of the state for mining, irrigating and manufacturing purposes. 

Sec. 211. Members of the legislative assembly and judicial department, 
except such inferior officers as may be by law exempted, shall, before they 
enter on the duties of their respective offices, take and subscribe the following 
oath or affirmation: " I do solemnly swear (or affirm as the case may be) that 
I win support the constitution of the United States and the constitution of 
the State of North Dakota; and that I will faithfully discharge the duties of 

the office of. according to the best of my ability, so help me God " (if an 

oath) ("under pains and penalties of perjury," if an affirmation), and no other 
oath, declaration, or test shall be required as a qualification for any office or 
public trust. 

Sec. 212. The exchange of "black lists " between corporations shall be pro- 
hibited. 

Sec. 213. The real and personal property of any woman in this state, 
acquired before marriage, and all property to which she may after marriage 
become in any manner rightfully entitled, shall be her separate property and 
shall not be liable for the debts of her husband. 



ARTICLE XVIII. 

CONGRESSIONAL AND LEGISLATIVE APPORTIONMENT. 

Sec. 214. Until otherwise provided by law, the member of the house of 
representatives of the United States apportioned to this state, shall be elected 
at large. 

Until otherwise provided by law, the senatorial and representative districts 
shall be formed and the senators and the representatives shall be apportioned 
as follows: 

The First district shall consist of the townships of Walhalla, St. Joseph, 
Neche, Pembina, Bathgate, Carlisle, Joliet, Midland, Lincoln and Drayton, 
in the county of Pembina, and be entitled to one senator and two representa- 
tives. 

The Second district shall consist of the townships of St. Thomas, Hamilton, 
Cavalier, Akra, Beauleau, Thingvalla, Gardar, Park, Crystal, Elora and Lo- 
doma, in the county of Pembina, and be entitled to one senator and two rep- 
resentatives. 

The Third district shall consist of the townships of Perth, Latona, Adams, 
Silvesta, Cleveland, Morton, Vesta, Tiber, Medford, Vernon, Golden, Lampton, 
Eden, Rushford, Kensington, Dundee, Ops, Prairie Centre, Fertile, Park River 
and Glenwood, in the county of Walsh, and be entitled to one senator and two 
representatives. 

The Fourth district shall consist of the townships of Forest River, "Walsh 
Centre, Grafton, Farmington, Ardock, village of Ardock, Harrison, city of Graf- 
ton, Oakwood, Martin, Walshville, Pulaski, Acton, Minto and St. Andrews, in 
the county of Walsh, and be entitled to one senator and three representatives. 

The Fifth district shall consist of the townships of Gllby, Johnstown, Stra- 
ban, Wheatfield, Hegton, Arvilla, Avon, Northwood, Lind, Grace, Larlmore 
and the city of Larlmore, Elm Grove, Agnes, Inkster, Elkmount, Oakwood, 
Niagara, Moraine, Logan and Loretta, in the county of Grand Forks, and be 
entitled to one senator and two representatives. 



30 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 

The Sixth district shall consist of the Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth wards 
of the city of Grand Forks, as now constituted, and the townships of Falconer, 
Harvey, Turtle Eiver, Ferry, Eye, Blooming, Meckinock, Lakevilleand Levant, 
in the county of Grand Forks, and be entitled to one senator and two repre- 
sentatives. 

The Seventh district shall consist of the First and Second wards of the city 
of Grand Forks as now constituted, and the townships of Grand Forks, Brenna, 
Oakville, Chester, Pleasant View, Fairfield, Allendale, Walle, Bentru, Ameri- 
cus, Michigan, Union and Washington, in the county of Grand Forks, and be 
entitled to one senator and two representatives. 

The Eighth district shall consist of the county of Traill, and be entitled to 
one senator and four representatives. 

The Ninth district shall consist of the township of Fargo and the city of 
Fargo in the county of Cass, and the fractional township number 139, in range 
48, and be entitled to one senator and two representatives. 

The Tenth district shall consist of the townships of Noble, Wiser, Harwood, 
Reed, Barnes, Stanley, Pleasant, Kenyon, Gardner, Berlin, Raymond, Maple- 
ton, Warren, Norman, Elm River, Harmony, Durbin, Addison, Davenport, 
Casselton and the city of Casseltou, in the county of Cass, and be entitled to 
one senator and three representatives. 

The Eleventh district shall consist of the townships of Webster, Rush River, 
Hunter, Arthur, Amenia, Everest, Maple River, Leonard, Dows, Erie, Empire, 
Wheatland, Gill, Walburg, Watson, Page, Rich, Ayr, Buffalo, Howes, Eldrid, 
Highland, Rochester, Lake, Cornell, Tower, Hill, Clifton and Pontiac, in the 
county of Cass, and be entitled to one senator and three representatives. 

The Twelfth district shall consist of the county of Richland, and be entitled 
to one senator and three representatives. 

The Thirteenth district shall consist of the county of Sargent, and be entitled 
to one senator and three representatives. 

The Fourteenth district shall consist of the county of Ransom, and be entitled 
to one senator and two representatives. 

The Fifteenth district shall consist of the county of Barnes, and be entitled 
to one senator and two representatives. 

The Sixteenth district shall consist of the counties of Steele and Griggs, and 
be entitled to one senator and two representatives. 

The Seventeenth district shall consist of the county of Nelson, and be entitled 
to one senator and one representative. 

The Eighteenth district sha,ll consist of the county of Cavalier, and be entitled 
to one senator and two representatives. 

The Nineteenth district shall consist of the counties of Towner and Rolette , 
and be entitled to one senator and one representative. 

The Twentieth district ishall consist of the counties of Benson and Pierce, 
and be entitled to one senator and two representatives. 

The Twenty-first district shall consist of the county of Ramsey, and be en- 
titled to one senator and two representatives. 

The Twenty-second district shall consist of the counties of Eddy, Foster and 
Wells, and be entitled to one senator and two representatives. 

The Twenty-third district shall consist of the county of Stutsman, and be 
entitled to one senator and two representatives. 

The Twenty-fourth district shall consist of the county of La Moure, and be 
entitled to one senator and one representative 

The Twenty-fifth district shall consist of the county of Dickey, and be en- 
titled to one senator and two representatives. 

The Twenty-.gixth district shall consist of the counties of Emmons, Mcintosh, 
Logan and Kidder, and be entitled to one senator and two representatives. 

The Twenty-seventh district shall consist of the county of Burleigh, and be 
entitled to one senator and two representatives. 

The Twenty-eighth district shall consist of the counties of Bottineau and 
McHenry, and be entitled to one senator and one representative. 

The Twenty-ninth district shall consist of the counties of Ward, McLean, 
and all the unorganized counties lying north of the Missouri river, and be en- 
titled to one senator and one representative. 



STATE OF NOBTH DAKOTA. 31 

The Thirtieth district shall consist of the counties of Morton and Oliver, and 
he entitled to one senator and two representatives. 

The Thirty-first district shall consist of the counties of Mercer, Stark and 
Billings, and all the unorganized counties lying south of the Missouri river, 
and be entitled to one senator and one representative. 



ARTICLE XIX. 

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 

Sec. 215. The following public institutions of the state are permanently lo- 
cated at the places hereinafter named, each to have the lands specifically grant- 
ed to it by the United States in the act of Congress approved Feb. 22, 1889, to be 
disposed of and used in such manner as the legislative assembly may prescribe, 
subject to the limitations provided in the article on school and public land's 
contained in this constitution: 

Pirst — The seat of government at the city of Bismarck, in the county of T>ur- 
leigh . 

Second — The state university and the school of mines at the city of Grand 
Forks, in the county of Grand Forks. 

Third— The agricultural college at the city of Fargo, in the county of Cass. 

Fourth — A state normal school at the city of Valley City, in tl e county of 
Barnes; and the legislative assembly in apportioning the grant '..f 80,000 acres 
of land for normal schools made in the act of Congress referrer". to, shall grant 
to the said normal school at Valley City as aforementioned, fifty thousand (50,- 
000) acres, and said lands are hereby appropriated to said institution for that 
purpose. 

Fifth— The deaf and dumb asylum at the city of Devils Lake, in the county 

of Ramsey. 

fi'ia;i!/i— Astate reform school at the city of Mandan, in the county of Mor- 
ton. 

;S^ewn//t— Astate normal school at the city of Mayville, in the county of 
Traill; and the legislative assembly, in apportioning the grant of land made by 
Congress in the act aforesaid for state normal schools, shall assign 30,000 acres 
to the institution hereby located at Mayville, and said lands are hereby appro- 
priated for said purpose. , ^ , , 

j5;,yj//j_ A state hospital for the insane, and an institution for the feeble- 
minded in connection therewith, at the city of Jamestown, in the county of 
Stutsman; and the legislative assembly shall appropriate 20,000 acres of the 
grant of land made by the act of Congress aforesaid for "other educational and 
charitable institutions" to the benefit and for the endowment of said institu- 
tion. 

Sec. 216. The following named public institutions are hereby permanently 
located as hereinafter provided, each to have so much of the remaining grant 
of 175,000 acres of land made by the United States for "other educational and 
charitable institutions," and is allotted below, viz.; 

Pii-st — A soldiers' home, when located, or such other charitable institution as 
the legislative assembly may determine, at Lisbon, in the county of Ransom, 
with a grant of 40,000 acres of land. 

Second — A blind asylum, or such other institution as the legislative assem- 
bly may determine, at such place in the county of Pembina as the qualified 
electors of said county may determine at an election to be held as prescribed 
by the legislative assembly, with a grant of 30,000 acres. 

Third — Ln industrial school and school for manual training, or such other 
educational or charitable institution as the legislative assembly may provide, at 
the town of EUendale, in the county of Dickey, with a grant of 40,000 acres. 

Fourth — A school of forestry, or such other institution as the legislative as- 
sembly may determine, at such place in one of the counties of McHenry, 
Ward, Bottineau, or Rolette, as the electors of said counties may determine 
by an election for that purpose, to be held as provided by the legislative assem- 
bly. 



32 STATE OF KOETH DAKOTA. 

Fifth — A scientific school, or sach other educational or charitable institution 
as the legislative assembly may prescribe, at the city of Wahpeton, county of 
Eichland, with a grant of 40.000 acres. 

Provided, That no other institution of a character similar to any one of those 
located by this article shall be established or maintained -without a revision of 
this constitution. 

ARTICLE XX. 

PKOHIBITIOX. 

To be submitted to a separate vote of the people as provided by the schedule 
and ordinance. 

Sec. 217. No person, association or corporation shall, within this state, man- 
ufacture for sale or gift, any intoxicating liquors, and no person, association or 
corporation shall import any of the same for sale or gift, or keep or sell or offer 
the same for sale or gift, barter or ti-ade. as a beverage. The legislative assem- 
bly ihall by law prescribe regulations for the enforcement of the provisions 
of this article, and shall thereby provide suitable penalties for the violation 
thereof 



SCHEDULE. 

Sectiox 1. That no inconvenience may arise from a change of territorial 
government to state government, it is declared that all writs, actions, prosecu- 
tions, claiius and rights of individuals and bodies corporate shall continue as if 
no change of government had taken place, and all processes which may, before 
the organization of the judicial department under this constitution be issued 
under the authority of the Territory of Dakota shall be as valid as if issued in 
the name of the state. 

Sec. 2. All laws now in force in the Territory of Dakota, which are not 
repugnant to this constitution, shall remain in force until they expire by their 
own limitations or be altered or repealed. 

Sec. 3. All fines, penalties, forfeitures and escheats accruing to the Terri- 
tory of Dakota shall accrue to the use of the states of North Dakota and South 
Dakota, and may be sued for and recovered by either of said states as necessity 
may require. 

Sec. 4. All recognizances, bonds, obligations or other undertakings hereto- 
fore taken, or vrhich may be taken before the organization of the judicial 
department under this constitution, shall remain valid, and shall pass over to, 
and maybe prosecuted in the name of the state; all bonds, obligations or other 
undertakings executed to this territory, or to any officer in his official capacity, 
shall pass over to the proper state authority, and to their successors in office, 
for the uses therein respectively expressed, and mnv be sued for and recovered 
accordingly; all criminal prosecutions and penal ..ctions which have arisen, or 
may arise before the organization of the judicial department under this consti- 
tution, or which shall then be pending, may be prosecuted to judgment and 
execution in the name of the state. 

Sec. 5. All property, real and personal, and credits, claims and choses in 
action belonging to the Territory of Dakota at the time of the adoption of this 
constitution, shall be vested in and become the property of the states of North 
Dakota and South Dakota. 

Sec. 6. Whenever any two of the judges of the supreme court of the state 
elected under the provisions of this constitution shall have qualified in their 
offices, the causes then pending in the supreme court of the territory on appeal 
or writ of error from the district court of any county or subdivision within 
the limits of this state, and the papers, records and proceedings of said court, 
shall pass into the jurisdiction and possession of the supreme court of the state, 
except as otherwise provided in the enabling act of Congress, and until so 
superseded the supreme court of the territory and the judges thereof shall 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 33 

continue, with like power and jurisdiction as if this constitution had not been 
adopted. Whenever the judge of the district court of any district elected 
under the provisions of this constitution shall have qualified in his office, the 
several causes then pending in the district court of the territory within any 
county in such district, and the records, j)apers and proceedings of said district 
court, and the Seal and other property pertaining thereto, shall pass into the 
jurisdiction and possession of the district court of the state for such county, ex- 
cept as provided in the enabling act of Congress; until the district court of this 
territory shall be superseded in the manner aforesaid, the said district court 
and the judges thereof shall continue with the same jurisdiction and power to 
be exercised in the same judicial districts respectively as heretofore constituted 
under the laws of the territory. 

Sec. 7. Until otherwise provided by law, the seals now in use in the 
supreme and district courts of this territory are hereby declared to be the seals 
of the supreme and district courts respectively of the state. 

Sec. 8. Whenever this constitution shall go into effect, the books, records 
and papers, and proceedings of the probate court in each county, and all causes 
and matters of administration and other matters pending therein, shall pais 
into the jurisdiction and possession of the county court of the same county, 
and the said county court shall proceed to final decree or judgment, order or 
other determination in the said several matters and causes as the said probate 
court might have done if this constitution had not been adopted. And until 
the election and qualification of the judges of the county courts provided for 
in this constitution, the probate judges shall act as the judges of the county 
courts within their respective counties, and the seal of the probate court in 
each county shall be the seal of the county court therein until the said court 
shall have procured a proper seal. 

Sec. 9. The terms "probate court" or "probate judge" whenever occur- 
ring in the statutes of the territory shall, alter this constitution goes into effect, 
be held to apply to the county court or county judge. 

Sec. 10. All territorial, county and precinct officers, who may be in office 
at the time this constitution takes effect, whether holding their offices under th« 
authority of the United States or of the territory, shall hold and exercise theii 
respective offices, and perform the duties thereof as prescribed in this constitu- 
tion, until their successors shall be elected and qualified in accordance with the 
provisions of this constitution, and official bonds of all such officers shall con- 
tinue in full force and effect as though this constitution had not been adopted, 
and such officers for their term of service, under this constitution, shall receive 
the same salaries and (compensation as iiby this constitution, or by the laws ol 
the territory, provided for like officers; TProivVZe^Z, that the county and precinct 
officers shall hold their offices for the term for which they were elected. There 
shall be elected in each organized county in this state, at the election to be held 
for the ratification of this constitution, a clerk of the district court, who shall 
hold his office under said election, until his successor is duly elected and quali- 
fied. The judges of the district court shall have power to appoint state's attor- 
neys in any organized county where no such attorneys have been elected, which 
appointment shall continue until the general election to be held in 1890, and 
until his successor is elected and qualified. 

Sec. 11. This constitution shall take effect and be in full force immediately 
upon the admission of the territory as a state. 

Sec. 12. Immediately upon the adjournment of this convention, the gov- 
ernor of the territory, or in case of his absence or failure to act, the secretary 
of the territory, or in his absence or failure to act, the president of the 
constitutional convention, shall issue a proclamation, which shall be pub- 
lished and a copy thereof mailed to the chairman of the board of county com- 
missioners of each county, calling an election by the people on the first Tuesday 
in October, 1889, of all the state and district officers created and made elective 
by this constitution. This constitution shall be submitted for adoption or rejec- 
tion at said election to a vote of the electors qualified by the laws of this terri- 
tory to vote at all elections. At the election provided for herein the qualified 
voters shall vote directly for or against this constitution, and for or against the 
article separately submitted. 

*3 



34 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 

Sec. 13. The board of commissioners of the several counties shall thereupon 
order such election for said day, and shall cause notice thereof to be given for the 
period of 20 days in the manner provided by law. Every qualified elector of 
the territory, at the date of said election, shall be entitled to vote thereat. 
Said election shall be conducted in all respects in the same manner as provided 
by the laws of the territory for general elections, and the returns for all state 
and district officers, and members of the legislative assembly, shall be made to 
the canvassing board hereinafter provided for. 

Sec. 14. The governor, secretary and chief justice, or a majority of them, 
shall constitute a board of canvassers to canvass the vote of such election for all 
state and district officers and members of the legislative assembly. The said 
board shall assemble at the seat of government of the territory on the fifteenth 
day after the day of such election (or on the following day if such day fall 
on Sunday), and proceed to canvass the votes on the adoption of this constitu- 
tion and for all state and district officers and members of the legislative assem- 
bly in the manner provided by the laws of the territory for canvassing the 
vote for delegate to Congress, and they shall issue certificates of election to the 
persons found to be elected to said offices severally, and' shall make and file 
with the secretary of tlie territory an abstract, certified by them, of the num- 
ber of votes cast for or against the adoption of the constitution, and for each 
person for each of said offices, and of the total number of votes cast in each 
county. 

Sec. 15. All officers elected at such election shall, within 60 days after the 
date of the executive proclamation admitting the State of North Dakota into 
the Union, take the oath required by this constitution, and give the same bond 
required by the law of the territory to be given in case of like officers of the 
territory and districts, and shall thereupon enter upon the duties of their re- 
spective offices; but the legislative assembly may require by law all such offi- 
cers to give other or further bonds as a condition of their continuance in 
office. 

Sec. 16. The judges of the district court who shall be elected at the election 
herein provided for shall hold their offices until the first Monday in January, 
1893, and until their successors are elected and qualified. Ail other state 
officers, except j udges of the supreme court, who shall be elected at the elec- 
tion herein provided for, shall hold their offices until the first Monday in Jan- 
uary, 1891, and until their successors are elected and qualified. Until other- 
wise provided by law the judges of the supreme court shall receive for their 
services the salary of $4,000 per annum, payable quarterly; and the district 
judges shall receive for their services the salary of $3,000 per annum, payable 
quarterly. '' 

Sec. 17. The governor-elect of the state, immediately upon his qualifying 
and entering upon the duties of his office, shall issue his proclamation conven- 
ing the legislative assembly of the state at the seat of government, on a day 
to be named in said proclamation, and which shall not be less than 15 nor 
more than 40 days after the date of such proclamation. And said legislative 
assembly, after organizing, shall proceed to elect two senators of the United 
States for the State of North Dakota; and at said election the two persons who 
shall receive a majority of all the votes cast by the said senators and repre- 
sentatives shall be elected such United State senators. And the presiding 
officers of the senate and house of representatives shall each certify the elec- 
tion to the governor and secretary of the State of North Dakota; and the 
governor and secretary of state shall certify the elections of such senators as 
provided by law. 

Sec. 18. At the election herein provided for there shall be elected a repre- 
sentative to the Fifty-first Congress of the United States, by the electors of the 
state at large. 

Sec. 19. It is hereby made the duty of the legislative assembly at its first 
session to provide for the payment of all debts and indebtedness authorized to 
be incurred by the constitutional convention of North Dakota, which shall re- 
main unpaid after the appropriation made by Congress for the same shall have 
been exhausted. 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 35 

Sec. 20. There shall 'be submitted at the same election at which this consti- 
tution is submitted for rejection or adoption, Article XX., entitled "Prohibi- 
tion," and persons who desire to vote for said article shall have written or 
printed on their ballots ' ' For Prohibition, ' ' and all persons desiring to vote 
against said article shall have written or printed on their ballots "Against Pro- 
hibition. ' ' If it shall appear according to the returns herein provided for that 
a majority of all the votes cast at said election for and against prohibition are 
"For Prohibition," then said Article XX. shall be and form a part of this con- 
stitution, and be in full force and eifect as such from the date of the admission 
of this state into the Union. But if a majority of said votes shall appear ac- 
cording to said returns to be "Against Prohibition," then said Article XX. shall 
be null and void, and shall not be a part of this constitution. 

Sec. 21. The agreement made by the joint commission of the constitutional 
conventions of North Dakota and South Dakota concerning the records, books 
a7id archives of the Territory of Dakota, is hereby ratified and confirmed ; 
which agreement is in the words following, that is to say: 

The following books, records and archives of the Territory of North Dakota, 
to-wit: All records, books and archives in the offices of the governor and sec- 
retary of the territory (except records of articles of incorporation of domestic 
corporations, returns of election of delegates to the constitutional convention 
of 1889, for South Dakota, returns of elections held under the so-called local 
option law in counties within the limits of South Dakota, bonds of notaries 
public appointed for counties within the limits of South Dakota, papers relat- 
ing to the organization of counties situate within the limits of South Dakota, 
all which records and archives are a part of the records and archives of said 
secretary's office; excepting, also, census returns from counties situate within 
the limits of South Dakota and papers relating to requisitions issued upon the 
application of officers of counties situate within the limits of South Dakota, 
all which are a part of the records and archives of said governor's office). 

And the following records, books and archives shall also be the property of 
the State of North Dakota, to-wit: 

Vouchers in the office or custody of the auditor of this territory relating to 
expenditures on account of public institutions, grounds, or buildings situate 
Avithin the limits of North Dakota. One warrant register in the office of the 
treasurer of this territory, being a record of warrants issued under and by vir- 
tue of Chap. 24 of the laws enacted by the Eighteenth Legislative Assembly of 
Dakota Territory. All letters, receipts and vouchers in the same office now 
filed by counties and pertaining to counties within the limits of North Dakota. 
Paid and canceled coupons in the same office representing interest on bonds of 
North Dakota. 

All other records, books and archieves which it is hereby agreed shall be the 
property of South Dakota, shall remain at the capitol of North Dakota until 
demanded by the legislature of the State of South Dakota, and until the State 
of North Dakota shall have had a reasonable time after such demand is made 
to provide copies or abstracts of such portions thereof as the said State of North 
Dakota may desire to have copies or abstracts of. 

The State of South Dakota may also provide copies or abstracts of such 
records, books and archives, which it is agreed shall be the property of Nor.th 
Dakota, as said State of South Dakota shall desire to have copies or abstracts 
of 

The expense of all copies or abstracts of records, books and archives which 
it is herein agreed may be made, shall be borne equally by said two states. 

Sec. 22. Should the counties containing lands which form a part of the 
grant of lands made by Congress to the Northern Pacific Eailroad Company be 
compelled by law to refund moneys paid for such lands or any of them by pur- 
chasers thereof at tax sales thereof, based upon taxes illegally levied upon said 
lands, then and in that case the State of North Dakota shall appropriate the 
sum of 125,000, or so much thereof as may be necessary, to reimburse said 
counties for the amount so received from said illegal tax sales and paid by said 
counties into the treasury of Dakota Territory, which said State of North Da- 
kota is to assume and pay. Reports of gross earnings of the year 1888 in the 
same office, made by corporations operating lines of railroad situated wholly 



36 STATE OF NOETH DAKOTA. 

or mainly within the limits of North Dakota. Eecords and papers of the office 
of the public examiner of the Second district of the territory. Records and pa- 
pers of the office of the district boaid of agriculture. Records and papers in 
the office of the board of pharmacy of the district of North Dakota. 

All records, books and archives of the Territory of Dakota which it is not herein 
agreed shall be the property of North Dakota, shall be the property of South 
Dakota. 

The following books shall be copied, and the copies shajl be the property of 
North Dakota, and the cost of such copies shall be borne equally by said states 
of North Dakota and South Dakota. That is to say: 

Appropriation ledger for years ending November, 1889-90 — one volume. 

The auditor's current warrant register — one volume. 

Insurance record for 1889 — one volume. 

Treasurer's cash book, " D. " 

Assessment ledger, ' " B. " 

Dakota Territory bond register — one volume. 

Treasurer's current ledger — one volume. 

The originals of the foregoing volumes which are to be copied shall at any 
time after such copying shall have been completed be delivered on demand to 
the proper authorities of the state. 

Sec. 23. This constitution shall after its enrollment be signed by the presi- 
dent of this convention and the chief clerk thereof and such delegates as desire 
to sign the same, whereupon it shall be deposited in the office of the secretary 
of the territory, where it may be signed at any time by any delegate who shall 
be prevented from signing the same for any reasons at the time of the adjourn- 
ment of this convention. 

Sec. 24. In case the territorial officers of the Territory of Dakota, or any of 
them who are now required by law to report to the governor of the territory, 
annually or biennally, shall prepare and publish such reports covering the 
transactions of their offices up to the time of the admission of the State of North 
Dakota into the Union, the legislative assembly shall make sufficient appro- 
priations to pay one-half of the cost of such publication. 

Sec. 25. The governor and secretary of the territory are hereby authorized 
to make arrangements for the meeting of the first legislative assembly, and the 
inauguration of the state government. 

Sec. 26. The legislative assembly shall provide for the editing, and for the 
publication, in an independent volume, of this constitution, as soon as it shall 
take effect, and whenever it shall be altered or amended, and shall cause to be 
published in the same volume the Declaration of Independence, the Constitu- 
tion of the United States and the Enabling Act. 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 



37 



II. 



THE OFFICIAL VOTE OF NORTH DAKOTA BY COUNTIES. 

FIRST STATE ELECTION, OCT. 1, 1889. 



COUNTIES. 



Barnes 

Burleigh 

Benson 

Bottineau 

Billings 

Cass 

Cavalier 

Dickey 

Eddy 

Emmons 

Foster 

Grand Forks 

Griggs 

Kidder 

La Moure 

Logan 

Morton 

McHenry ..... 

McLean 

Mcintosh 

Mercer 

Nelson 

Oliver 

Pembina 

Pierce 

Richland 

Ransom , 

Ramsey 

Rolette 

Stark 

Stutsman , 

Steele 

Sargent 

Traill 

Towner 

Walsh 

Wells 

Ward 

Total.. 

Majority..., 



Rep. in Con- 
gress. 



1, 250 

775 

475 

3.S6 

45 

2, 842 
668 

1,088 
240 
392 
237 

2,170 

341 

257 

59i 

77 

687 

220 

222 

375 

70 

665 

28 

1,563 
172 

1,194 
998 
790 
289 
434 
863 
549 

1,138 

1,525 
188 

1,K37 
190 
292 



26. 077 



14,071 



446 
310 
105 
303 

14 

1,288 

515 

507 

16? 

73 

126 

1,026 

2(9 

90 
234 

13 
331 

64 

41 

20 

15 
223 

48 
1,217 

56 
790 
252 
330 
205 
179 
547 

92 
110 
470 
241 
1,099 
148 
107 



12, 006 



Governor. 



1,191 

771 

467 

335 

45 

2,712 
647 

1,087 
241 
391 
23.^ 

1,929 

346 

259 

594 

77 

680 

219 

223 

375 

70 

628 

28 

1,553 
181 

1,199 
998 
779 
250 
432 
818 
546 

1,027 

1, 524 
184 

1,842 
186 
296 



25, 365 



498 
322 
111 
304 

14 

1,411 

534 

506 

161 

78 

131 

1.263 

205 

88 
235 

13 
335 

68 

41 

20 

15 
260 

48 
1,241 

46 
771 
261 
343 
238 
182 
603 

92 
216 
469 
244 
1,100 
152 
114 



12, 733 



Lieutenant 
Governor. 



1,119 
760 
481 
334 
45 

2,932 
648 

1,090 
240 
392 
240 

2,267 

366 

259 

570 

77 

692 

219 

223 

375 

70 

660 

28 

1,582 
184 

1,107 

1,015 
805 
292 
431 
653 
542 

1,056 

1,522 
188 

1,854 
190 
291 



576 
332 
101 
805 

14 

1, 203 

525 

504 

159 

77 
127 
929 
187 

88 
257 

13 
338 

66 

41 

20 

15 
226 

48 
1,211 

45 
862 
245 
317 
200 
183 
753 

9S 
191 
469 
241 
1, 086 
149 
115 



25, 779 



13, 463 



12, 316 



Secretary of 
State. 



1,282 
764 
466 
333 
45 

2,936 
670 

1,092 
242 
392 
238 

2,194 

359 

258 

599 

77 

681 

219 

223 

375 

70 

617 

28 

1,587 
181 

1,198 

1,014 
G12 
294 
435 
867 
408 

1,056 

1,292 
18-* 

1,846 
192 
290 



413 
331 
115 
305 

14 

1,201 

511 

503 

161 

77 
129 
991 
193 

86 
230 

13 
337 

66 

41 

19 

15 
268 

48 
1, 205 

47 
788 
245 
497 
198 
179 
547 
225 
192 
635 
240 
1, 095 
147 
117 



25, 6.0 12, 424 

1 

13, 196j 



State Treas- 
urer. 



State Audi- 
tor. 



1,254 
769 
469 
332 
45 

2, 9.36 
472 

1,091 
238 
392 
2,37 

2 229 

'370 

258 

597 

77 

681 

221 

223 

375 

70 

660 

28 

1,623 
182 

1,196 

1,015 
798 
289 
434 
867 
540 

1,054 

1,551 
167 

1,484 
192 
291 



25, 707 



13,321 



442 
326 
112 
306 

14 

1,194 

706 

504 

165 

77 
129 
962 
181 

88 
233 

13 
337 

64 

41 

19 

15 
226 

48 
1, 165 

46 
788 
244 
325 
201 
179 
546 

82 
194 
442 
261 
1,448 
147 
116 



1,252 

767 

475 

333 

45 

2,671 
703 

1,082 
224 
392 
242 

2,233 

363 

258 

594 

77 

681 

223 

223 

364 

70 

633 

28 

1,619 
171 

1,162 

1,004 
763 
293 
433 
868 
546 

1. 056 

1,421 
189 

1,786 
186 
289 



12, 386 25,7191 12, .356 



13,363!. 



District Judges.— The vote on the various district judges was as follows: First district— A. 
J. O'Keefe (rep.), 4,250; C. F. Templeton (dem.), 6,713. Second district— D.E.Morgan (rep.), 2,701; 
Jas. F. O'Brien (dem.), 1,465. Thirddistrict—Seth Newman (rep.), 3,131; W.S. McConnell (dem.), 
3,549. Fourth district — W.S. Lauder (rep.), 3,055; S. H. Snvder (dem.), 2,077; E. S. Ellis (ind.), 
1,279. Fifth district — O. H. Hewitt (rep.), 2,371; Roderick Rose (dem.), 3,310. Sixth district — 
W. H. Winchester (rep.), 2,352 ; John C. Hollemback (dem.), 1,624. 

Scattering. — For governor, 18; lieutenant governor, 8; secretary of state, 11; treasurer, 4; 
auditor, 3; superintendent of public instruction, 12; attorney general, 2; commissioner of 
insurance, 9 ; commissioner of railroads, 8 ; commissioner of agriculture and labor, 1 ; supreme 
oourt judges, 11 ; congressman, 3. 



38 



STATE OF XORTH DAKOTA. 



OFFICIAL TOTE BY COUNTIES.— Coxtixced. 



..,. ic » T> w Com. of Commis- ■ 

ft"n^°!r 'in^tVuction I Agriculture sioner of In-I Judges of the Supreme Court, 
and Labor. suranee. 



COTNTIES. 




Barnes 

Burleigh 

Benson 

Bottineau 

Billings 

Cass 

Cavalier 

Dickev 

Eddy: 

Emmons 

Foster 

Graad Forks., 

ftriggs 

Kidder 

La Moure 

Logan 

Morton 

McHenry 

McLean 

Mcintosh 

Mercer 

Xelson 

Oliver 

Pembina 

Fierce 

Richland 

Eansom 

Ramsey 

Rolette 

Stark 

-Stutsman 

Steele 

Sargent.. 

Traill 

Towner 

Walsh 

Wells 

Ward 



1,240 
771 
4S0 
332 
4a 

2,808: 
661 

1,087 
242 
392. 
237; 

2, ua 

368 

259 

599 

77 

680 

221, 

223, 

375j 

70! 

653 1 

28' 

1,527 
183 

1,198 
849 
803 
292 
435 
870 
560 

1,054 

1.5.52 
183 

1,856 
192 
283 



4.31, 
325; 
102 
307 
14 
1, 324! 
524 
506 
161 

1281 

1,027 

183 

87 

231 

13 

337 

64 

41 

19 

15 

234 

48 

1,266 

45 

797 

393 

321 

200 

179 

544 

81 

190 

440 

241 

1,086 

147 



1,2701 

771 

433 i 

335 

45 

3,077 
670 
968: 
239 
392! 
237; 

1, 7741 

371 

260' 

593 

77, 

679 

221' 

223' 

3751 

70: 

660 

28' 

1,590] 
183 

1, 199' 

1, 014 
714; 
292 i 
435: 
868 
559 

1,0561 

1,523 1 
188- 

l,861i 
193; 
29l| 













c 






































p 


g- 


a 


1 




o 


^ 


fi 


S? 


a 


in" 


o 


•a- 


>> ' 


2 




s 


^ 


ti 




fe 


> 


a 


^ 



434 
325| 

99 
304; 

13 

1,044! 

513 

619 

164 

7"! 

129 

934 

180j 

86 

237 

13 

339 

64 

41 

19 

14 

227 

4Si 

1,2031 

451 

7.S6| 

245 

310! 

201 ; 

179 

544 

80 

192; 

465 

2411 

1,0811 

1461 

115| 



1,245. 

7711 

480! 

333| 

451 

2,9431 
699; 

1,093 
237 1 
391 i 
225, 

2, 260; 
365' 
259; 
5971 

68l| 
221 1 
223 
3731 

70j 
662! 
28 1 

1,587 1 
1831 

l,198j 

1,017 
811 i 
290! 
435! 
866] 
5481 

1,053! 

1, 553 
1881 

1,853 
188 
291 



452 
-325 

101 

307 

14 

,196 

479 

502 

164 

140 
931 
187 

87 
233 

13 
33 

63 

41 

19 

15 
225 

48 
,201 1 

45; 

7871 1. 
244i 1: 
313' 
203! 
179i 
546 

93 1 

193! 1 
4381 1 
241 

,083| 1, 
148| 
115 ... 



222 
764, 
486 
333 

45 
098 
670 
094 
239 
392 
237 
263 
366 
235 
604 

77 
709 
221 
223 
374 

70 
659! 

281 
5391 
183 
200| 
,W9i 

807 ; 

2921 
435 
898 
559 
056 
554 
188 
859 
192 



Total 

Majority.. 



437 
327 

96 
306 

14 

,035 

514 

494 

163 

77 
129 
932 
175 
110 
226 

13 
309 

63 

41 

19 

15 
225 

48: 
,202 

45! 
786 
199 
317 
201; 
175; 
515' 

82 1 
192i 
4.38 j 
241 1 
,0801 
147 



,228, 1, 

7611 

4801 

334 
45 
,f38l 2, 

664: 
,100| 1, 

239 

4691 

2331 
,268i 2, 

5.50 

259 

594; 

673 

221 1 

264; 

375 
70^ 

6581 

28' 

,0161 1, 

181! 
,200 1, 

999 

810 

293! 

4351 

868| 

562 
,054 

188 
,8.54 
191 
292 



,268 
760 
480 
326 
45 

,929 
665 

,098 
244 
391 
244 

,260 

368 

259 

662 

77 

681 

221 

223 

375 

70 

656 

28 

,584 
179 

,199 

,001 



4561 
3251 

991 
313; 

13I 



413 
323 

99 
305 

13 



,195, 1,186 
515 513 



2921 292; 
4351 43-51 
868; 868! 
560! 470| 
,0.52; 1,050 
,5-50 1,552 1 
189: 1881 
,8721 1,8-531 1 
1901 19l| 
289 289, 



501 

163 

IS 

128i 

892' 

187 

86 

232 

13 

337 

63 

41 

19 

15 

226 

48 

210 

48 

784 

2471 

311! 

198; 

179 1 

547 

162 1 

194, 

438 

240 1 



500 

1-54 

77 

124 

895 

181 

86 

232 

13 

237 

63 

41 

19 

la 

223 

'47 

1,202 

45 

787 

280 

309 

201 

179 

546 

79 

192 

438 

239 



0751 ,073 
1471 147 



!-25, 8.55 12, 148 25, 784 11, 746 26, 3-39 11, 7S5 26, .332;11, 388 27, 126 27, 315 26, 289 11, 840 11, 696 



14.038 14. .5.54 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 



39 



OFFICIAL VOTE BY COUNTIES— Concluded. 



COUNTIES. 



Barnes 

Burleigh 

Benson 

Bottineau 

Billings 

Cass 

Cavalier 

Dickey 

Eddy 

Emmons 

Foster 

Grand Forks. 

Griggs 

Kidder 

La Moure 

Logan 

Morton 

McHenry 

McLean 

Mcintosh 

Mercer 

Nelson 

Oliver 

Pembina 

Pierce 

Richland 

Ransom 

Ramsey 

Rolette 

Stark 

Stutsman 

Steele 

Sargent 

Traill 

Towner 

Walsh 

Wells 

Ward 



Railroad Commissioners. 



Total 

Majority.. 



,000 
769 
481 
333 
45 

,935 
654 

,074 
226 
392 
234 

,254 

349 

2.59 

597 

77 

663 

216 

223 

375 

70 

660 

28 

,542 
180 

, 1S6 
999 
801 
292 
434 
861 
536 

,134 

,541 
188 

,848 
180 



25, 636 



•967 

760 

473 

326 

43 

2,909 
599 

1,091 
186 
392 
234 

2,163 
345 
259 
597 
77 
622 
212 
208 
375 
70 
658 
27 

1,531 
174 

1,190 

1,002 
783 
292 
396 
846 
466 



1,177 

762 

481 

349 

45 

2,943 
604 

1,084 
240 
392 
233 

2,243 

273 

259 

59.7 

77 

591 

121 

222 

375 

70 

633 

19 

1,421 
157 

1,192 

1,006 
799 
300 
435 
869 
569 



1,0501 1,049 

1,4091 1,339 

187. 187 



1,794 
145 



24, 850 



1,790 
184 



25, 057 



1,020 
340 
101 
.303 

14 

1,226 

537 

528 

262 

77 
131 
931 
303 

86 
234 

13 
485 

64 

41 

19 

15 
227 

54 
1,212 

46 
809 
272 
339 
201 
205 
573 
199 
106 
640 
241 
1,140 
190 



453 
324 
109 
310 

14 

1,204 

623 

503 

159 

77 

127 

1,028 

192 

86 
232 

13 
337 

64 

55 

19 

15 
239 

47 
1,301 

45 
794 
243 
324 
201 
181 
548 

96 
111 
598 
240 
1,157 
158 



406 
324 
101 
251 

14 

1,190 

514 

503 

150 

77 
126 
948 
175 

86 
231 
"l3 
339 
177 

41 

19 

15 
240 

49 
1,334 

75 
786 
244 
324 
187 
179 
540 

79 

93 

439 

236 

1,088 

157 



Constitu- 
tion. 



12,227111,750 



1,673 

1,083 

SVS 

450 

57 

4,049 
684 

1,4/1 
381 
462 
333 
687 
351 
340 
818 
90 
924 
257 
264 
394 
84 
127 
47 

1,762 
221 

1,409 

1,110 
810 
435 
610 

1,334 
241 
973 

1,411 
284 
606 
336 
3.50 



27, 441 



19,334 



2 

45 

116 

1 

31 

269 

26 

13 

2 

4 

1,930 

150 

3 

11 



1 

660 
30 

830 
1 

251 
23 

231 
10 



47 
861 

177 

462 

93 

2,248 



43 



8,107 



Prohibition. 



861 
269 
292 
365 
4 

1,739 
634 
966 
212 
106 
148 

1,534 

345 

186 

414 

26 

358 

163 

69 

166 

22 

540 

29 

1,483 
124 

1,011 
670 
591 
112 
171 
509 
444 
620 

1,117 
148 

1,760 
124 
220 



18, 552 



1,159 



745 
799 
212 
228 

53 
2,156 
439 
'537 
158 
347 
186 
1,432 
180 
151 
395 

61 
644 
101 
170 
199 

63 
276 

40 
1,137 

70 
885 
557 
416 
304 
394 
809 
172 
577 
824 
216 
1,132 
190 
168 



17, 393 



40 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 



III. 



OFFICIAL DIRECTORY OF THE STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 

Issued by F. H. Hagerty, Commissioner of Immigration, Dakota Territory. 



Capital — Bismarck, Burleigh County. 



U. S. Senator, - - - Gilbert A. Pierce, - - - Bismarck. 
U. S. Senator, ... Lyman R. Casey, - - - Jamestown. 
Beipresentative to Congress, - H. G, Hansbrough, - - Devils Lake. 

Governor, John Miller. 

Lieutenant Governor, --..... Alfred Dickey. 

Secretary of State, John Flittie. 

State Treasurer, - - - - L. E. Booker. 

State Auditor, John P. Bray. 

Superintendent Fuhlic Instruction, . - - - WiLLiAM Mitchell. 

Assistant Superintendent Public Insti'uction, - - - - F. W. Cathro. 

Attorney General, Geo. F. Goodwin. 

Commissioner of Insurance, ------- A. L. Carey. 

Commissioner of Agriculture and Labor, - - - - H. F. Helgesen. 

Public Examiner, -------- J. A. Percival. 

commissioners of railroads. 

Geo. S. Montgomery, D. Bartlett, F. S. Underbill. 

supreme court. 

Chief Justice, -------- GuY C. H. Corliss. 

Joseph M. Bartholobieu, Alfred Wallin. 
ClerJC; - - - R. D. HOSKINS. Court Reporter, - - E. W. Camp. 

district court. 

First District, Charles F. Templeton, Judge. 

Second District, ------- D. E. Morgan, Judge. 

Third District, - - - - - - - Wm. B. McConnell. Judge. 

Fourth District, - - - W. S. Lauder, Judge. 

Fifth District, --- RODERICK Rose, Judge. 

Sixth District, ----- Walter H. Winchester, Judge. 

land districts. 

Register. Receiver. 

Bismarck, Oscar E. Rea. D. W. Hutchinson. 

Devils Lake, - - - - E. G. Spilman, S. S, Smith. 

Fargo, - - - - - - M. F. Battelle, Frank S. De Mers. 

Grand Forks, . - - - James M.Corbet, James Elton. 

U. S. District Attorney, - JOHN MURPHEY, - - Yankton. S. D. 

U. S. Marshal, - - - D. W. Maratta, - - - Fargo. 

Sui-veyor Genei-al, - - B. H. SULLIVAN, - - - Huron, S. D. 

state institutions. 

University of North Dakota — Grand Forks; Homer B. Sprague, M.A., Ph.D., 
president; John G. Hamilton, secretary. 

Hospital for Insane — Jamestown; Dr. O. W. Archibald, superintendent. 

Penitentiary — Bismarck; Dan Williams, warden. 

Board of Agriculture — I. C. Wade, president, Jamestown; Gerald Pierce, sec- 
retary, Bismarck; G. E. Bowers, treasurer, Hillsboro. 

Board of Pharmacy — Frank Frisby, president, Bismarck. 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 



41 



OFFICIAL DIRECTORY — Continued. 



COUNTY. 



Barnes 

Benson 

Billings 

Bottineau 

Burleigh 

Cass 

Cavalier 

Dickey 

Eddy 

Emmons 

Foster 

Grand Forks. 

Griggs 

Kidder 

La Moure 

Logan 

McHenry 

Mcintosh 

McLean 

Mercer 

Morton 

Nelson 

Oliver 

Pembina 

Pierce 

Ramsey 

Ransom 

Richland 

Rolette 

Sargent 

Stark 

Steele 

Stutsman 

Towner 

Traill 

Walsh 

Ward 

Wells 



County Seat. 



Valley City 

Minnewaukan 

Medora 

Bottineau 

Bismarck 

Fargo 

Langdon 

Ellendale 

New Rockford 
Williamsport ., 

Carrington 

Grand Forks... 
Cooperstown... 

Steele 

La Moure 

Napoleon 

Towner 

Ashley 

Washburn 

Stanton 

Mandan 

Lakota 

Sanger 

Pembina 

Rugby 

Devils Lake.... 

Lisbon , 

Wahpeton 

St.John 

Forman 

Dickinson 

Sherbrooke 

Jamestown 

Cando 

Caledonia 

Grafion 

MiDOt 

Sykeston 



County Clerk 
OR Auditor. 



Chas. S. Walker*. 
James M.Cubbison 
J C. Williamson 

M. O. Tibbits 

R.R. Marsh* 

P. S. Golberg*.... 

H. D. Allert* 

Thurlow Weed*.... 

H.E.Gardner 

E.T. Herrick 

G. L. Farnham... 
W. J. Anderson*. 
P. A. Melgard*... 
Albert G.Clark.... 
George R.Fralick' 
Geo A. Brvant... 
Allen Mitchell*.... 

J. H.Wishek 

Herman Hanson. 

Henry C. Loy 

John Foran 

N.F.Webb* 

George Sanger 

J. Kabernagle*.... 

C. A. Erickson 

Henry Hale* 

Thos. J. Harris.... 

O.H.Perry* 

Chas. J. Partridge* 

Chas. Afdem 

George Auld 

C. G. Huntley* 

Wm. W. Graves*.. 

B. F. Berry* 

H. A. Langlie* 

O. M. Eraser 

Wm. Collins 

C.V.Brown 



Treasurer. 



0. H. de S. Irgens. 

Carl G. Brown 

J. A. Ferris 

P. R. Ferguson 

Jonn P. Dunn 

A. H.Burk 

Geo. F. Winter 

T.W. Millham 

L.G.Willis 

Dugald Campbell. 

E.F.Porter 

A. Abrahamsen.... 
Knud Thompson.. 

Isaac A. Foye 

W.E. Brewer 

Chas. J. Hoof 

Geo. H.Soule 

T. O. Gulark 

J. J. Robinson 

D.P.Tresler 

Frank A. Briggs... 

W. C. Daniels 

J.W.Hendricks.. 
E.T.Thompson... 
Christian Even son 

Ole Serumgard 

Hans P. Grinager. 

O. K. Ulsaker 

Thos. Hesketh 

J. D. Yaiser 

J. A. Farrah 

K. H. Brunsdale... 

S. R. McGinnis 

Chas. H. Ensign... 

K. J. Nomland 

N. O. Noben 

G. S. Reishus 

D.T.Davis 



Sheriff. 



John Simons. 
Fred Snore. 

E. G. Paddock. 
David Hoover. 
Frank Donnelly. 
C. W. Smith. 
Gunder Nelson. 
W. A Cros,s. 
Jas. E. Daley. 
James S. MoGee. 
Ralph Hall. 
Jas. K. Swan. 
M. L. Michaels. 
T.J. Woodmause. 
J. W. Stoddard. 
O. T. House. 

W. R. Pitts. 
C. D. Johnson. 
Peter Landquist. 
C. C. Moore [mer. 
G. F. Bingenhei- 

F. K. McCoy. 
P. H. Bagnell. 
Wm. James 
Frank J. Sikes. 
Ever Wagness. 
T. N. Onim. 

J. H. Miller. 
Thos. C. Flynn. 
F. G. Bartlett. 
Jerry Hayes. 
S. L. Linn. 
M. H. Schmitz. 
J. H. McCune. 
S. N. Heskin. 
Gunden Olson. 
E. Coleman. 
Jay Carr. 



♦Auditor. 



42 



STATE OF XORTH DAKOTA. 



OFFICIAL DIRECTORY — Continted. 



COUNTIES. 



Barnes 

Benson 

Billings 

Bottineau 

Burleigh 

Cass 

Cavalier 

Dickey 

Eddy 

Emmons 

Foster 

Grand Forks 

Griggs 

Kidder 

La Moure 

Logan 

McHenry 

Mcintosh 

McLean 

Mercer 

Morton 

Nelson 

Oliver 

Pembina 

Pierce 

Ramsey 

Ransom 

Richland 

Rolette 

Sargent 

Stark 

Steele 

Stutsman 

Towner 

Traill 

Walsh 

Ward 

AVells 



Clerk of Dis- 
trict Court. 



Register of 
Deeds. 



A. J. Henry 

J. L.Richmond.... 

J. S. Seaton 

John W. Bennett.. 

Ed. S.Allen 

L. W. Schruth 

John E. Truax 

T.M.Evans 

Wm. O. Baird 

D. R. Streeter 

James Murphy 

L. K. Hassell 

J, P. Jorgenson.... 
L. B. Roseberry.... 
E.M.Whitman.... 

James A. Weed 

C. D.Rice 

C. C. Hammond... 
Charles E. Merrill 

S. C. Walker 

BL B.Doyle 

Chas. Adler 

George Sanger 

Henry D. Borden. 

Wm. S. Russell 

T. C. Saunders 

Gilbert LaDu 

J. Shippam 

Frank F. Phillips 
J. W. Christian.... 

E. R. Bonney 

W. A. Winslow 

T. F.Branch 

A. H. Riggs 

O.P.Clark 

James Garbutt 

James Johnson 

John A. Williams. 



J. D. Black 

J. M. Cubbison... 
J. C. Williamson 

M. O.Tibbits 

John N. Richards 

J.H. Hanson 

P. K. Haugen 

Geo. H. Keyes 

H. E. Gardner 

E. T. Herrick 

G. L. Farnham 

E.G. Elwood 

RollefBerg 

Albert 6. Clark... 

J.T.Butler 

Geo. A. Bryant 

Geo. T.Inkster 

J. H. Wishek 

Herman Hanson... 

Henry C. Loy 

Joseph Miller 

A. M. Tofthagen... 

George Sanger 

J. H. Anderson.... 

0. A. Erickson 

jH.M. Creel 

Ir. M. Davis 

iJ. M. Ruggles 

Ole E. Petesron.... 

A.F.Price 

George Auld 

M. B. Cassell 

A.B.Ashley 

W. E. Pew 

AsaSargeant 

Wm. Tierney 

Wm. Collins 

C. V. Brown 



Attorney. 



G. K. Andrus.... 

E. S. Rolfe 

W. H. Francis.. 
V. B. Noble 

F. V. Barnes 

S. B. Bartlett.... 

FredZick 

John H. Boyle.. 
Joseph Curry... 



I SUPERIXTEND- 

iEXT OF Schools. 



Belle S. Sjiurr. 
M. F. Minehau. 
W. F. Dantz. 
F. W. Cathro. 
W. T. Perkins. 
W. Clapp. 
E. J. Fox. 
C. A. Kent. 



Heber McHugh. 
John M. Cochran. 

Tver Jacobson , 

W. F. Cochrane... 
N. B. Wilkinson.. 



Chas. E. Jones . 

Geo. H. Fay 

N. F. Boucher... 



H. G.Yoss 

M. N. Johnson 

B. W. Shaw 

Wm. J. Kneeshaw 



J. F. O'Brien., 
Pat Rourke.... 
W. S. Lander. 



J. E. Bishop 

J. G. Campbell. 

C.J. Paul 

J. A. Frye 

O. O. Whited.... 

F. W. Ames 

W.J.Hughes... 

E. A. Mears 

A. G. Corell 



W. B. Andrus. 
L. J. Eisenhuth. 
M. A. Shirley. 
Theo. F. Kerr. 
Mamie Portner. 
J. M. Devine. 
Janie C. Foster. 
H. J.Koppeadah 1 . 
A. S. Wiles. 
L. M. Wallin. 
Alice v. Cook. 
E. J. Steele. 
M. L. Williams. 
Mrs. H. R. Thurston. 
C. E. Jackson. 
I. M. McBride. 
John F. Cowan. 
W. F. Granger. 
W. M. House. 
John E.Brown. 
S. A. Danford. 
Alice A. Allison. 
S. J. Axdahl. 
T. S. Wads worth. 
H. C. Meacham. 
Joseph Kennedy. 
R. M. Evans. 
Sade Webber. 
Kate Needham. 



STATE OF KORTH DAKOTA. 



43 



OFFICIAL DIRECTORY— Concluded. 



COUNTIES. 



Barnes 

Benson .... 
Billings.... 
Bottineau. 
Burleigh... 



Cavalier 

Dickey 

Eddy 

Emmons 

Foster 

Grand Forks. 

Griggs 

Kidder 

La Moure 

Logan 

McHenry 

Mcintosh 

McLean 

Mercer 

Morton 

Nelson 

Oliver 

Pembina 

Fierce 

Eamsey 

Ransom 

Richland 

Rolette 

Sargent 

Stark 

Steele 

Stutsman 

Towner 

Traill 

Walsh 

Ward. 



Surveyor. 



Assessor. 



5 
2 
6 
2 
6 
3 
1 
4 
5 
6 
5 
1 
5 
6 
5 
5 
2 
4 
6 
6 
6 
1 
6 
1 
2 
2 
4 
4 
2 
4 
6 
3 
5 
2 
8 
1 
2 
Wells 1 5 



Frank White 

V. B. Matthews.. 



Ole Honeman 

Thos.B. Herron... 

J.D.White 

O. McGuinn 

E. J. Hermans 



H. W.Allen. 



Alex. Oldham.... 

U. A. Ueland 

Frank R. Hill... 
C.N. Valentine. 



John T.Bailey 

LaMotte Miles , 

M. T. Records 

Stephen Card 

Lvman N. Gary.. 



County Judge. 



cu.virman 

Board 

OP County 

Commissioners. 



Frank E. Hebert.. 
Frank Creek 



M. E. Severance. 
J. W. Blanding... 
Gus. E. Deschene.. 
John W. Peck.. 



E. W. Palmer , 
J.H. Horney.. 
J. M. Snyder.. 

John Amb jTp. Assessors 

J. B. Warreu ITp. Assessors.. 

H. B. Johnson 

Chas. Biladeau J.B.Hardy.... 



Nicholas Flagler... J. JefF Dobbin D. Green. 

Samuel Ells jHenry U. Thomas James Michels. 

C. H. Mason J. E. McCaul J. A.Van Eeghen. 

Anton Svensrum.. Archie McArthur L. D. Dana. 

A. M. Thompson.. John F. Philbrick Anderson Healy. 

E. H. Holte A. Roberts Wm. Strehlow. 

To. Assessors H. E. Dorval E. I. Donovan. 

Tp. Assessors S. A. Bowes D.B. McDonald. 

A.D. Tomlinson... A. C. Buck J. W. Hackney. 

Charles Mclntyre John Klefristra.... James B.GLiytoo. 

E. T. Guptil Geo. H.Estabrook F. G. Barlow. 

Tp. Assessors Richard Bennett.. O.L.Steele. 

F.Greenland Peter E. Nelson... R. C. Cooper. 

J. D. Williams R. P. Allison John Harcourt. 

John Flaherty J. W. Johnston A. E. Raney. 

S. M. Barry .Tohn Orner Wm. E. Hoke. 

Peter N. Gilberg... W. D. McClintock. G. W. Strong. 

H. A. Garbelmann R. A. Larimer C. V.Bosye. 

P.H.Nelson A. C. Ranard Oliver O. Rhude. 

Samuel Sprecher.. George Hawley... Wm. T.Jones. 

G.A.Breckenridge E. C. Rice J. J. Luck. 

Ole O. Forde H. D. Fruit J.H.McLaughlin. 

Henry Albers C.M.Griffith Louis Connolly. 

Tp. Assessors E. A. Armstrong.. S. L. Haight. 

E T Stromman... David P. Thomas Geo. W.Spaun. 

Albert Roberts D. G. Duell Jas. McCormick. 

E. O. Faucette E.J. Ryman L B.Chanlberhn. 

Tp. Assessors John Shippam P. S. Larson. 

Alex. Charlebois... JohnBurke Patrick Forest. 

Thos. Johnson J. M. Vail John Herman 

Lewis L.Lewis W H Richards A.C.McGillivray. 

WarrenArcher John Duncan Martin Hanson. 

C. R. Flint Thos. Hayes J.J. Eddy. 

T J Noyes Ed. F. Sibley Jas. J. McCanna. 

J. O. Kjelsberg P. Herbrandson. 

I. L. Currie Joseph Tombs. 

J. B. Roark Wm. Nack. 

H.B. Chess MarkKady. 



44 STAJE OF XOETH DAKOTA. 

THE STATE LEGISLATURE OF 1889. 
SENATE. 

President, Lieut. Gov. Alfred Dickey. 

DiST. Post Office. Coujtty. 

1 — Judson La Moure Pembina .Pembina. 

2 — *A. F. Appleton Crystal Pembina. 

3 — Roger Allen Park River Walsh. 

4— *JamesH. Bell Minto Walsh. 

5 — J. E. Stevens. Xorthwood Grand Forks. 

6 — *M. L. McCormack Grand Forks Grand Forks. 

7 — Geo. B. Winship Grand Forks Grand Forks. 

8— W. H. Robinson Mayville TrailL 

9 — John E. Haggart Fargo Cass. 

10 — H. J. Rowe Casselton Cass. 

11— *H. R. Hartman Wheatland Cass. 

12 — Andrew Slotten Wahpeton Richland. 

13 — Andrew Hegleson MUnor Sargent. 

14 — Andrew Sandager Lisbon Ransom. 

15 — Samuel A. Fisher Valley City Barnes. 

16— J. O. Smith Hatton Griggs. 

17— D. S. Dodds Lakota Nelson. 

18 — ^*John McBride Langdon Cavalier. 

19— *R. D. Cowan RoUa Rolette. 

20 — E. L. Yager Minnewaukan Benson, 

21 — W. E. Swanston Grand Harbor Ramsey. 

22 — F. G. Barlow Barlow Foster. 

23 — Bailey Fuller Jamestown Stutsman. 

24 — H. S. Deisem La Moure La Moure. 

25— *M. E. Randall Ellendale Dickey. 

26 — J. H. Worst Williamsport Emmons. 

27— C. B. Little Bismarck Burleigh. 

28 — Anton Svensrud Bottineau Bottineau. 

29— E. H. Belyea Minot Ward. 

30 — George Harmon Mandan Morton. 

21 — X. C. Lawrence Dickinson Stark. 

• 
Secretarv: C. C. Bowsfield. Sergeant-at-Arms: J. W. Woods. 



Speaker, David B. Wellmak. 

DisT. Post Office. Coitntt. 

, /John H. Watt Pembina Pembina. 

t R- B. Richardson Drayton Pembina. 

n/*H. L. Norton Hamilton Pembina. 

\ John Stadelman Cavalier Pembina. 

„/ John H. McCuUough Park River Walsh. 

\X. N. Foss Park River Walsh. 

(John Montgomery Ardoch Walsh. 
A. O. Haugerud Grafton Walsh. 
Alex. Thompson Minto Walsh. 

f. f Franklin Estabrook Inkster Grand Forks. 

t NelsTanberg ! Northwood Grand Forks. 

g f Geo. H.Walsh GrandForks Grand Forks 

1*L. J. Zimmer Manvel Grand Forks. 



STATE OF KOEIH DAKOTA. 45 

DisT. Post Office. County. 

-/A. P. Hougen Reynolds Grand Forks. 

' toieT. Gronli Emerado Grand Forks. 

fRoderick Johnson Hillsboro Traill. 

I *0. T. Jalir Portland Traill. 

J. F. Selby Hillsboro Traill. 

H. H. Strom Hillsboro Traill. 

g TE. S. Tyler Fargo Cass. 

1 Frank J. Thompson Fargo Cass. 

{Eli D. Mclntyre Casselton Cass. 
N. B. Pinkham Fargo Cass. 
John O. Bye Hickson Cass. 

(H. D. Court Buffalo Cass. 

11 -j Frank Langer Everest Cass. 

(. W. W. Beard * Hunter Cass. 

(B. H. Hankinson Haukinson Richland. 
R. N. Ink Wahpeton Richland. 
A. O. Heglie :..Walcott Richland. 

^o/E. W. Bowen Forman Sargent. 

1 W. S. Buchanan Forman Sargent. 

J , / R. N. Stevens Lisbon Ransom. 

\j. L. Green Lisbon Ransom. 

, r f Duncan McDonald Valley City Barnes. 

\ C. J. Christianson Valley City Barnes. 

jg r W. H. H. Roney Clifford (Traill) Steele. 

I Chris. Balkan Coopersto wn Griggs. 

17 — Ole E. Olsgard Lakota Nelson. 

-JO f *W. H. Murphy Langdon Cavalier. 

1 *F. R. Renaud Langdon Cavalier. 

19 — James Britten Cando Towner. 

cyr^j Geo. E. Ingebretson Minnewaukan Benson. 

\D. P. Thomas Rugby Pierce. 

ey-. f James McCormack Devils Lake Ramsey. 

1 C. A. Currier Devils Lake Ramsey. 

Qf, /D. B. Wellman, Speaker New Rockford Eddy. 

""" t Luther L. Walton Sykeston Wells. 

no / George Lutz Jamestown Stutsman. 

\ John Milstad Jam esto wn Stutsman. 

24 — L. A. Ueland Edgeley La Moure. 

r,c f W. B. Allen Ludden Dickey. 

lA. T.Cole Ellendale Dickey. 

no f George W. Lilly Ashley Mcintosh. 

1 W. L. Belden Napoleon Logan. 

2~/ E. A. Williams Bismarck Burleigh. 

\ George W. Rawlings Sterling Burleigh. 

28 — James Reed Towner McHenry. 

29— A. C. Nedrud Minot Ward. 

OQ f A. W. Hoyt Mandan Morton. 

i P. B. Wickham New Salem Morton. 

31 — C. C. Moore Stanton 4 Mercer. 

Chief Clerk: J. G. Hamilton. Sergeant-at-Arms: Feed. Snore. 

♦Democrats; all others Republicans. 



PART II. 



IV. 
BOrXDAEIES. 

The State of North Dakota is located oa the northern boundary of the 
United States, about midway between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and half 
way between the Gulf of Mexico and Hudson's bay, in the heart of the North 
American continent. Its southern boundary is the 7th standard parallel, 
which separates it from South Dakota, its northern boundary being the 49th 
parallel, -which separates it from the British provinces of Manitoba and Assini- 
boia, and barely half way between the equator and the north pole. The east- 
ern boundary is formed by the Red Eiver of the North, which separates it 
from Minnesota. The western boundary is the Greenwich meridian of 104°, 
and the Washington meridian of 24°, which separates it from Montana. Its 
extent from north to south is a little over 210 miles, while from east to west it 
is about 360 miles. It contains 52 counties, of which 14 are unorganized, and 
has an area of 74,312 square miles, or 47,569,680 acres. 

GeogTapliical Di"VTlsioris. — The state has several marked geographical 
divisions; the principal ones being the Eed river valley, the James river valley, 
the Devils lake and Turtle Mountain regions, the Mouse river country, the 
Missouri slope or coteau country, and the West Missouri or West North Dakota 
country. The main features of these sections are described under their re" 
spective headings. 

Red River Valley. — The Red River of the North is so called to dis- 
tinguish it from the large southern river of the same name. In speaking of 
the valley of the Red river it must not be understood to apply to a narrow 
depression, as is usually the case with rivers, but to a broad, level plaiii, from 
50 to 60 miles wide, and high enough above the river to prevent overflow 
and afford the best of d rainage ; and yet it is " bottom land ' ' in the sense of hav- 
ing a deep black mould as fertile as any in the world. The Red river valley is the 
garden spot of the North. In ancient times its surface was probably the bed of 
an immense lake, Avhose waters, receding, left a heavy, black alluAial deposit 
from two to four feet deep. This richest of soils produces the best of No. 
1 hard wheat, and raises three-fourths of the crop of North Dakota. The 
valley is a veritable farmers' paradise; there is none other like it on the con- 
tinent for the production of small grains. The Red river is navigable from 
Fargo to Winnipeg, and before the days of railroads it enjoyed a large traffic; 
it empties into Lake Winnipeg, the waters of which reach Hudson's bay 
through Nelson river. The valley is now well supplied with railroads; it con- 
tains over one-third of the present population of North Dakota, and has room 
for many thousands more. Only about one-fifth of the area of the valley is 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 47 

in use at the present time, a fact which will give one some idea of the immense 
capacity and resources of this great wheat basin. The cost of wheat raising 
has been reduced to the minimum, the figures prepared by a large farmer show- 
ing an outlay of 40 cents per bushel. It is not only as a granary that the Ked 
river valley is entitled to especial prominence. It is coming to be known as 
the home of fine horses and cattle, the thoroughbreds and popular breeds pre- 
dominating in the stock raised on farms. There are a number of successful 
breeding farms in the valley, and this industry promises to assume very large 
proportions. Not the least significant showing in connection with the successful 
raising of the best and soundest of horses and cattle in the Eed river valley, is 
the fact that but little or no corn is used in feeding. The substitution of barley 
ground with vegetable fodder is highly satisfactory. The use of this fodder 
with a certain proportion of small grain is no new thing in stock raising in 
northern climates. The Canadians prefer the barley and peas to any other 
feed, and claim it is better for stock than corn. Results are what tell and con- 
vince, and these may be studied to advantage in the Red river valley. 

The valley of the Red river is not only of extreme fertility, but so is all of 
North Dakota. As early as 1882 Prof. Denton, a gentleman of high reputation 
as a geologist and agricultural chemist, and whose opinions have been verified 
by results, said: 

' ' It would be hard to find as large a connected body of good land elsewhere 
«n this continent, where the best food of man can be as readily produced, as 
that which exists within the boundaries of Dakota, and through the heart of 
which lies the Northern Pacific railroad. From Motley, Minn. , west, the soil 
improves, being either underlaid by limestone, or the limestone countries lying 
to the north have by glacial agency furnished the soil with valuable constitu- 
ents. Boulders are comparatively few, and the soil becomes deeper, richer, 
blacker, every mile till the Red river valley is reached, when the soil is un- 
surpassed by that of the Nile valley. Here for nearly fifty miles in breadth is 
exceedingly deep, dark, fine soil" — (meant to include both surface and sub- 
soils) — "and with no boulders or gravel, a remarkable fact in a region so far 
north, and with boulders lying over the country east, west and south of it. 

"When the cold of the glacial period gave place to the present climate, the 
indications are that the change took place instantaneously, and the great ice- 
sheet then covering , this northern region — in some places a mile or more in 
thickness — was" (by a new inclination of the earth's axis to the plane of its 
orbit) "suddenly introduced to a temperate climate. Melting in the hot sum- 
mer suns, it produced a flood, the effects of which are observable to the geolo- 
gist, from north Minnesota to the Gulf But such a body of ice melted not in 
one, or a dozen summers. For many years lay the great ice-field to the north, 
preventing the passage of waters in the direction the general slope of the coun- 
try here would have led them, and thus, as far south as the slope of the land 
would permit, a lake existed where the Red river valley now is, and gradually 
enlarged to the north as the ice melted. At the bottom of the lake mud was 
continually being deposited, produced by the ground-down Silurian, devonian 
and cretaceous beds lying to the north, over which the ice still for many years 
continued to move, bearing masses of their earthy substances; when it was all 
melted, the dammed-up waters found a natural outlet to Hudson's bay, and 
the Red river was formed. Thus in the Red river valley the glacial drift — 



48 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 

boulders, gravel, etc. — is covered deep beneath the lake mud, and that mud is 
now the soil of the country, admirably adapted to the production of grain best 
fitted to build up the physical system of man. 

"From the Eed river valley west to the Bad Lands, a breadth of more than 
300 miles, is an exceedingly fertile prairie country, destined throughout 
its entire extent to be a very rich agricultural region. The poorest land 
anywhere to be found is better than the average of Massachusetts, In some 
places are large accumulations of glacial material — sand, gravel and boulders 
piled confusedly together where they had been pushed by the sliding glacier 
or left where they had melted out of its mass. But in most of the railroad 
cuttings — especially nearing the Missouri river — were evidences of the action 
of large bodies of water, which had modified the drift material, sorting it into 
stratified beds of sand and gravel ; — evidences, also, that large bodies of water 
had rested at times on the land, depositing sediment — and beds of loess, very 
similar in appearance to that of Iowa and Missouri, had been formed — pro- 
ducing soils of great fertility." 

Lands can still be had in the Eed river valley at very low price, considering 
the advantages of being near markets, railroads, schools, churches and post 
offices, and offering other of the comforts and conveniences of much older 
communities. There is still some Government land in the second and third 
tiers of counties from the river, the land offices for which are at Fargo and 
Grand Forks. 

So fertile and productive has this great region proven to be, that it is esti- 
mated that it will furnish a heavy traffic for a railroad every 15 miles apart. 
The St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Eailway has three trunk lines through 
most of the western half of the valley, built to strike the very richest and best 
crop-producing sections of this region. This road hauls a large part of the en- 
tire grain tonnage of the valley, and it has been a most potent factor in a de- 
velopment so rapid that it has not been equaled in the settlement of any part 
of the United States. From Fargo north to the boundary one of the trunk 
lines of this railway reaches for a distance of 170 miles, and enjoys the distinc- 
tion of having the largest grain elevators and grain tonnage at original points 
of any line in the world. The line from Wahpeton, with its various branches 
running north through the valley, also runs through a magnificent farming 
section, already well developed, and hardly, if any, less inferior in productive 
capacity. From Grand Forks north to the boundary, 90 miles, the railway 
stations of this modern Egypt, although but 4 to 5 miles apart, each have 
from 4 to 10 large grain elevators, with a combined storage capacity at each 
station ranging from 200,000 to 400,000 bushels of wheat, an elevator capacity 
which would be notable in other parts of the country in cities of 50,000 popu- 
lation. At certain stations in Walsh and Pembina counties this road has re- 
ceived as much as 1,000,000 bushels of wheat for freight from a single crop. 
The long lines of tall elevators are the most prominent objects seen in crossing 
the prairies, and although of such great capacity, yet during a year of average 
yield they have proven to have an insufficient capacity for the storage of the 
grain received from the surrounding farmers. During the fall of 1889 this 
branch line of railway has hauled an average of 75 cars a day of wheat, received 
from elevators and farmers along the line, within a distance of 90 miles. Be- 
sides this daily movement of wheat, which has continued since September 15th 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 49 

on the crop of the present season, on December 1st there was quite 1,500,000 
bushels in store at the 11 stations between Grand Forks and the boundary- 
This will convey some idea of the astonishing productiveness of even the north- 
ern part of the Eed river valley. Contrary to general opinion, the yield and 
quality of crops grown in the valley increases slightly as we go northward until 
we reach the boundary, demonstrating the fact that in the northesn part of the 
Eed river valley is found the most favorable soil and climate for the produc- 
tion of the small grains. The valley is also traversed north and south of Fargo 
by branches of the Northern Pacific road. The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul 
also comes to Fargo, making three great railroad systems in the great valley. 
Not only is this valley well supplied with railroads, but nearly every organized 
county in the state is penetrated by the iron rail. 

James River Valley.— The James river valley in North Dakota con- 
tains some of the most prosperous counties of the stiate. The country along 
the river from La Moure to Jamestown is charming, and the lands are fertile. 
Large crops of wheat are harvested in this region and in the district north of 
Jamestown, and farming of every kind is profitable. All grain is sown in the 
spring. Fair crops of potatoes, flax, oats and light yields of wheat can be 
gathered from the soil the first year if the breaking is done early. Sod crops ot 
flax have brought as high as $15 to the acre, generally several times the cost 
of the land. Oats, after wheat, make a fine yield, and are the least exhausting 
of any crop produced. The summer nights are too cool for the large varieties 
of corn common to Iowa, Illinois and South Dakota, but the Indian varieties, 
small grained, give profitable yields. Sweet or table corn does as welt as in 
Maine, where it is extensively grown for canning purposes. All the forage 
crops, millet, alfalfa, etc., do well, while the root crops, potatoes, turnips, 
etc. , grow tons to the acre. The breaking season begins the first of June, after 
all seeding is usually over, the latter commencing about the tenth of April. 
The hay harvest commences during the middle part^f July and continues 
about four weeks. The barley, oats and wheat harvesting season begins about 
the tenth of August, the crops coming in the order named. Stock raising is 
becoming more of a leading industry all the time, and cattle and horses are 
imported freely for breeding purposes. There are some fine herds of thorough- 
bred stock in the valley, in both North and South Dakota. Cattle from James- 
town took first premium at the Minnesota State Fair this year, as well as at 
the territorial fair at Grand Forks. The James river valley is one of the 
most noted artesian well difjtricts in the world. The well at Jamestown is of 
sufficient volume and force to supply the city with water for all purposes. The 
Presbyterian College, standing on a high bluff three-quarters of a mile distant 
from this well, is supplied with water all over the building at a pressure of 60 
I)ounds to the square inch. There is not any Government land to speak of 
along the James river, the little there is being found mostly in the Fargo and 
Devils Lake land districts. The Northern Pacific Eailroad Company owns 
considerable land in this section, which can be bought on long time at low 
figures. Land can never be lower than now. On this subject E. V. Smalley 
of the Northwest Magazine, whose knowledge of Dakota lands is from exten- 
sive personal inspection, says: 

"Land in Dakota will never be of lower value than at the present time. 
It will certainly rise with the fuller settlement of the country, the division and 
*4 



50 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 

admission of Dakota as two states, the building of new lines of railroad, and the 
growth of the towns. It is not extravagant to say that within five years all 
good virgin land in Dakota, suitable for farming and stock raising, will be worth 
at least $10 per acre, as similar land now is in Nebraska, Iowa and Kansas." 

Branches of the Northern Pacific railroad run north and south from the 
main line at Jamestown through the valley of the James, the north branch in- 
tersecting the Manitoba at Leeds while the south line is crossed at La Moure 
by a branch coming from Fargo, and ends at Oakes, where connection is made 
vrith the Chicago & Northwestern, the Fargo branch terminating at Edgeley, 
where connection is made with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul. 

During the hunting season this region, as vrell as all of watered sections, 
offers a great variety of game. On the prairies are to be found numerous mem- 
bers of the grouse f;imily,!while along the streams and lakes gather millions of 
geese, brant, ducks and other waterfowl. In the fields, after harvest, the geese 
settle down in such numbers that the ground for acres seems to be covered with 
snow. In the timbered section four-footed game is found, while the lakes and 
rivers afford plenty of fishing. 

Devils Lake and Turtle Mountains. — The Devils Lake region and 
the Turtle Mountain and Big Coulee country lying north of it present numerous 
points of attraction to the settler. The magnificent body of water bearing the 
former name — a veritable inland sea — with its romiutic scenery and heavy 
forest belts, constitutes a charm that contributes to one's residence anywhere 
within a day's riding distance from the lake. Tne climate is cold but bracing, 
the soil good, and the grasses most excellent. Crops of all kinds are raised, 
and special attention is being paid to the growing of fine stock. There are 
many Canadians of means located in this part of the state. They are raising 
and breeding fine cattle and horses, and have introduced some very valuable 
stock, and are rapidly transforming this into a stock country of some preten- 
sions. The Tartle Mountains are a range of hills covering a region 20 by 40' 
miles, two-thirds lying in the United States and the remainder in Manitoba. 
The early maps depicted the region in the form of a turtle, but it has no such, 
fanciful shape. The highest points, Butte St. Paul and Bear Butte, rise but a 
few hundred feet above the sorrounding low rolling hills and prairies. Coal i& 
abundant, and so is building stone, and iron ore is said to exist in paying 
quantities. There are numerous pretty streams of water. The timber in the 
Turtle Mountains draws a good deal of immigration that way, and the good 
farming land everywhere is being settled on and improved very fast. Besides 
the Canadians, there is a Missouri colony in the Big Coulee country, well known 
for their splendid mules, which make superior draught animals. The vacant pub- 
lic lands in this district may be entered at the Devils Lake land office. Here, as 
in all parts of the two Dakotas, the wagon roads are always good. In the East 
and South, where farmers haul their products to market over rough, uneven 
and muddy roads, the expenses often more than balance the profits. The ad- 
vantages of good country roads are understood by those who have struggled 
and toiled over the bad fall, winter and spring roads of the Eastern and South- 
ern states. In the D.ikotas large loads can be hauled, and horses be spared the 
worry and strain caused by muddy and uneven roads. A good all-the-year- 
round dirt road is one of the boasts of North Dakota, but of which little is 
said in comparison to its value. 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 51 

The St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Eailway, by its Montana extension 
and various branch lines, has caused, a rapid settlement and development of this 
part of North Dakota, from Devils lake, east, west and north. The main line 
leaving Grand Forks, runs in general a direct westerly course to the eastern 
boundary of Montana at Buford. A branch line runs north from Church's Ferry 
to St. John at the eastern end of the Turtle Mountains, and another from Eugby 
Junction to Bottineau at the western end of the mountains, providing ample 
transportation facilities for those sections. This line of railway possessed no 
land grant in North Dakota, thus leaving every section of land on each side of 
the road free to settlers, which has been a very important advantage, and con- 
duced to the settlement of the country tributary to the lines of the Manitoba 
more rapidly than where every other section was included within the limits of 
a land grant. The Turtle Mountain region is rapidly assuming prominence for 
stock raising as well as for grain raising. On the smooth southern slopes of 
the mountain at Bottineau was raised the wheat which took the premium at 
the New Orleans "World's Fair. That part of the St. John's branch extending 
from Church's Ferry to Cando has all of the characteristics of soil and climate 
which have proved so favorable to grain growing in the Red river valley. This 
section is developing so rapidly that it will soon assume a front rank both in 
grain and stock raising. 

Mouse JRiver Country. — The building across North Dakota of the St. 
Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba railway brought thousands of settlers into the 
Mouse river country in 1886-87. The tide of immigration flowed on across 
the coteaus and along the upper Missouri. Settlement in this section was 
somewhat retarded by the delays in Government surveys, but immigrants are 
hardy and determined, and on once getting to a new country will take ' ' squat- 
ter sovereignty " rights rf they can't have something better right away. There 
are still some desirable lands left a?ong the railroad, and more than half the 
entire vacant area at present open to settlement is found in the interior 
stretches of country where the early pioneers can have the choice of claims 
and will not have very long to wait for the building of branch lines of railway 
connecting with the trunk roads leading East. , There is much fine coal land 
all along the Mouse river, farmers being able to dig their own supplies from 
the hillsides. These lands are situated in the Devils Lake and Bismarck land 
districts. The comu ,g of the railroad has changed everything as f by magic, 
in a region where the grazing of cattle furnished the only pursuit a few years 
ago. The United States census of 1890 will show some remarkable compari- 
sons, as between 1885 and 1890, for this section, and should furnish some very 
effective campaign material for immigration purposes. There are many large 
herds of cattle and flocks of sheep all through this region. The grass here does 
not die or decay the year of its growth, but sun-cures on the ground and re- 
mains as nature-made hay. The decay does not begin until the next year, after 
the snow has melted and the spring rains fall. The Mouse river comes down 
from the British territories, and after a long sweep in ox-bow shape through 
North Dakota, returns north to reach Hudson's bay along with the Ked river. 

Northwestern Dakota, through which the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba 
railway runs, has a contour of surface decidedly different from that of other 
parts of the state. The Mouse river, heavily timbered, is a valley sunken on 
an average of 200 to 300 feet below the level of the surrounding plains. 



52 STATE OF XORTH DAKOTA. 

The settlers in tliis section of the country are engaged very largely in sheep 
and cattle raising. The sheep industry, especially, has rapidly increased in 
the past year. An abundance of shelter and plenty of nutritious grasses, 
with a -vvinter climate modified by chinook winds from the Pacific, make this 
an ideal section for sheep and stock raising. The farm-steads of the settlers 
along the river are mostly built of logs. Although many of them have only 
been in the country from two to four years, yet there is a general increase of 
prosperity throughout this section. 

The Des Lacs river, tributary to the Mouse, has a valley 75 miles in length, 
with an abundance of wood and coal in the bluffs, making most inviting op- 
portunities to the stock raiser and farmer for settlement. Leaving the Mouse 
river valley near Minot, the line of the Manitoba pushes directly westward to 
the Missouri slope, which river it reaches at Williston, thence following its val- 
ley to the Montana line. This section, though thinly settled, has been occupied 
along the Missouri river for a number of years, by ranchers who came into the 
country by steamer on the Missouri before the advent of the railway. Here 
thousands of acres are still open to the settler under the homestead, pre-emp- 
tion and tree claim acts. 

Tlie 3Iissouri Slope. — The Missouri slope comprises that part of North 
Dakota lying west of the divide, or coteau region, between the James and 
Missouri rivers. The intermediate region consists of natural meadows, lake 
lands, knolls, rolling hills and sloping vales. In this region there is much Gov- 
ernment land. Those who have settled here like it. The climate is as health" 
ful as anywhere in the world, and the country is not only excellent for raising 
horses, cattle, sheep and hogs, but for the growth of wheat and all of the cereals 
and root crops. The free range and the fine native grasses offer great inducements 
to stockmen. Above and below Bismarck, along the Missouri, considerable 
attention has been successfully given to small fruits. Wild fruits grow in 
much profusion along the Missouri and other streams. The term ' ' coteau, ' ' 
as applied to the dividing ridge, is from the French, and means " little hills.'' 
It is a region of geological interest, and swarms with game birds during the 
season. No northern land has a greater variety of wild roses than North Dakota, 
and from early spring to late autumn the prairies and hillsides bloom with 
dainty flowers. There never was a time in Dakota, no matter how the weather 
affected the field crops, that there was not plenty of wild grasses, which, sun- 
cured on the ground, made nutritious feed, and preferred by stock to tame hay 
in the stack. This region is opened up by the main line of the Northern 
Pacific. 

West North. Dakota. — West of the great river the country is known 
as the West Missouri country, and extensively advertised as such. This is mis- 
leading, because readers are liable to confound it with the State of Missouri. 
It should be called West North Dakota. It is quite unlike East North Dakota. 
The surface is more undulating, being a succession of widely separated hills and 
broad valleys, with conical, flat-topped and rounded buttes present in every 
landscape. There is little snow west of the divide formed by the Coteau range, 
and the climate in other respects is different from that of eastern North Da- 
kota. The streams are open first to the north and west, and the season begins 
at Bismarck and Mandan a little earlier than in the same latitude east of the 
James river. There is generally a certain prospect for corn, which has time to 



STATE OF NOETH DAKOTA. 



53 



mature. In the West North Dakota country there are a number of German- 
American colonies, which have proved thrifty and prosperous. Crops of all 
kinds are raised with uniform success. The country is well watered by the 
Heart, Knife, Cannon Ball, Green, Sweetbriar, Curlew, Little Missouri, and 
other streams. The country is fertile, pleasing to the eye, and free homesteads 
can be had in sight of the Northern Pacific railroad. The soil contains mineral 
and vegetable deposits of great value, cases being known where it was so 
strongly impregnated with lime that the subsoil could be used for plastering 
purposes, the earth being simply mixed with sand and hair to form a good mor- 
tar. The native coal is found on both sides of the Missouri river in this 
region, cropping out from the grassy sides of buttes and ridges in great abun- 
dance. There are as fine farming lands yet untaken in this part of North Dakota 
as have ever been filed on. By going a little distance from the railroad persons 
can get the pick of these lands, and they will not have to wait long before the 
tracks of some liew line are laid to their doors. The lands in this section lie 
within the Bismarck land district. 



POPULATION. 

There has been no official enumeration of Dakota since 1885, when the total 
of both sections of the territory was 415,610, the increase in the preceding five 
years having been 280,433, but the increase in the last four years has not 
been at an equal rate. To figure on the basis of 5 persons to each voter the 
present population of North Dakota is 190,490, the total vote for governor at 
the October election being 38,098. There are 14 unorganized counties in which 
votes were not cast nor counted, taking which, together with the stay-at-homes 
in the organized counties, will safely allow an estimate for North Dakota of 
200,000 population. The following is the vote and estimates by counties: 



COUNTIES. 



"Votes 
Cast for 
Governor, 



Barnes 

BeusoD 

Billings 

Bottineau 

Burleigh 

Cass 

Cavalier 

Biokey 

Eddy 

Emmons 

Foster 

Grand Forks 

Griggs 

Kidder 

La Moure 

Logan 

McHenry .... 

Mcintosh 

McLean 

Mercer 



59 
639 
093 
123 
181 
593 
402 
469 
36fi 
192 
551 
347 
829 

90 
287 
.395 
264 

85 



Estimated 
Popula- 
tion. 



COUNTIES. 



42.T 
S'U 
295 
195 
465 
615 
905 
965 
010 
345 
830 
960 
755 
735 
145 
450 
435 
975 
320 
445 



Morton .... 
Nelson .... 

Oliver 

Pembina... 

Pierce 

Ramsey ... 
Ransom.... 
Richland.. 
Rolette .... 
Sargent.... 

Stark 

Steele 

Stutsman. 
Towner. .. 

Traill 

Walsh 

Ward 

Wells 



Total. 



Votes 
Cast for 
Governor. 



Estimated 
Popula- 
tion. 



1,015 

888 

76 

2,794 

227 
1,122 
1,2,59 
1,970 

488 
1,243 

614 

638 
1,421 

428 
1,V93 
2,942 

410 

338 



5, 07."! 

4,440 

380 

13, 97.) 
1,135 
5,610 
6, 295 
9,850 
2,440 
6,215 
3,070 
3,190 
7,105 
2,140 
9,965 

14,710 
2,050 
1,690 



190, 490 



54 STATE OF NOETH DAKOTA. 

The Scandinavians — the Norwegians outnumbering the Swedes — and Cana- 
dians comprise the bulk of the foreign population of North Dakota, and both 
classes are very desirable. So, too, are the German colonists west of the Mia" 
souri river. The native American population comes from the Eastern and 
prairie states, and are an energetic, thrifty people. 



VI. 



Seasons. — North Dakota is cold in winter, but dry, and both human beings 
and animals can stand a pretty low temperature under such circumstances with- 
out feeling it much or suffering from it. There is no rain in winter, and no mud 
or slush. Under foot the snow lies crisp and hard. The storms are not so fre- 
quent as in Ohio or New York, and blizzards like that of 1888 are of short du- 
ration and occur only once in many years. The winter breaks in March, and 
seeding and farming operations begin as soon as the frost is out of the ground 
to the depth of a few inches. There is no stormy weather and muddy roads 
in the spring or autumn. The summers are distinguished by warm days tem- 
pered by constant breezes, and by cool nights. The fall is a delightful season of 
bright, sunny wheather, and frequently extends far into December. Plowing 
generally continues until about the middle of November. During the winter 
of 1888-89 farmers were able to do some kind of work in their fields every 
month. 

Temperature. — The mean annual temperature, as shown by the records 
of signal offices at widely separated points in North Dakota, is as follows: Bis- 
marck, 39.4°; Fargo, 37°; Pembina, 34.4°; FortBuford, 38.7°. The annual rain- 
fall at the same places is as follows: Bismarck, 20.10 inches; Fargo, 27.17 
inches; Pembina, 21.91 inches; Fort Buford, 13.91 inches. For general health- 
fulness there are few climates that can equal that of North Dakota; consump- 
tion rarely originates here, and malarial diseases are unknown. 

Eastern people who think North Dakota is hyperborean or sub-arctic, will be 
astonished to learn that winter is not a dreaded season; on the contrary it is 
an agreeable time of rest and refreshment from the labors of the harvest, and 
without the slush and variableness of Atlantic and lake state winters. That it 
is healthy is seen in the robust, active and energetic people. Warm clothing 
is necessary and with it the cold is rendered powerless. Cold can be kept out, 
but not heat. The cold of a humid region is felt much more keenly than in a 
dry climate. Down on the Gulf coast 30° above zero is more penetrating and 
chilly than zero in North Dakota, and 20° or 25° above zero temperature in 
New Orleans will give a Northern man shakes like an ague. The winds of 
North Dakota are not as piercing as those of Nebraska, Iowa and Kansas, or 
nearest to the warmer rising air currents which cause the winds. 

Rainfall. — There has been more or less discouragement at what seems a 
diminished rainfall. It is a well-established fact that affairs in both the material 
and moral worlds have their seasons. We have heat waves and cold waves, and 
the results from long periods of observation show that a series of years of de- 
creased rainfall and increased rainfall succeed each other as regularly as night 
follows day. Prof. Warren Upham of the United States Geological Survey, who 



STATE OF NOBTH DAKOTA 55 

has been spending much time during the last four years in North Dakota, claims 
to have found a scientific basis for the theory of changing periods of maximum 
and minimum moisture by studying the shore lines of Devils lake and other 
bodies of vrater which show regular fluctuations of wet and dry periods. It is 
his opinion, and he is willing to stake his professional reputation upon the asser- 
tion, that the greatest degree of aridity or lack of moisture has been reached, 
and that wet seasons may be expected for a series of years. It is his opinion 
that the range from most moisture to the least swings over a period of from ten 
to twelve years. Confidence of more than ordinary importance can be placed 
in the utterance of such a man, who has had superior opportunities to delve 
into the mysteries of Nature and learn her secrets. 

The rainfall may not be materially increased by Settlement, cultivation and 
tree planting, but better use is made of what falls, and conditions more con- 
ducive to the growth of new and better forms of plant life are developed. Man 
is changing and subverting the climate and country to his own use, not in viola- 
tion of, but in accordance with, natural law. By turning over the sod and 
breaking up the upper crust, so long impervious to rain, a storehouse is made 
for water, which gradually evaporating, instead of rushing off in torrents, re- 
lieves the aridity of the air and establishes relationship with the clouds through 
electric conductors from the ground in the form of ascending moisture. It has 
not been long since meteorologists placed the western line of agriculture at the 
97th meridian, the eastern boundary of the Dakotas, but settlers paid little atten- 
tion to the rain limit, and pushed on west after homes until they are now found 
cultivating the ground in Montana, Wyoming and Colorado, to our benefit, 
hundreds of miles beyond the old meridian, and the once sun-dried and hard- 
trodden plains of Dakota, Nebraska and Kansas have blossomed into fields and 
gardens. It is quite evident that we are in the period of diminished rainfall, 
while other regions are suffiering from an oversupply, but our fat years will 
come, and in the exuberance of plenty the present lean ones will be forgotten. 

The Nortll. — Those who come here with the idea that they are on the 
northern limit of agriculture are surprised to learn that the North is further on, 
just as the West is further on. Hundreds of miles north of the northern boun- 
dary line of the state white people live and cultivate the ground. North of the 
international boundary line permanent white settlement was made before what 
is now Dakota was purchased by the United States. Few persons realize the 
enormous extent of territory lying north of the 49th parallel. It is a region 
larger than the entire area of the United States. Although under the general 
name of Canada, it is divided into eight distinct provinces, in all having a com- 
bined area of nearly 3,500,000 square miles and a population of 4,500,000. The 
railroad mileage is about 15,000 miles; the banks have $230,000,000 assets; the 
imports and exports exceed $200,000,000 a year, and the governmental 
revenues aggregate $35,000,000 per annum. Wheat is raised hundreds of miles 
north of the northern boijndary of North Dakota. The resources of fields, 
pastures, forests and mines of this vast region are boundless, and in the future 
must add immensely to the world's wealth. 



5^ STATE OF NORTH DAKO'J A. 



VII. 



AGRICULTUEE. 



The foundation of the wealth and prosperity of the Dakotas is iu their agri- 
cultural products, and development is still in its infancy. The older states are 
overtaking their food-producing capacity, while the possibilities of our agricul- 
tural interests are still an unknown quantity. So rapid has been the growth of 
the Dakotas and so marvelous the yield of cereals, that the great trade centres 
have not ceased wondering at the new factors in food production. 

North Dakota attracted attention by producing a wheat that is a grade unto 
itself, — No. 1 hard, — famous now all over the civilized world as making the best 
flour ever known. Civilization has kept pace with the use of white bread 
among the masses. North Dakota not only produces bread for its own people, 
but sends millions of bushels of the bread-making cereal away to feed the 
hungry of other lands. Of 2,500 samples of wheat from all parts of the world 
tested by the chemist of the National Department of Argriculture, No. 1 
hard from North Dakota led all others for possessing the largest percentage of 
nutritious properties. For the past three years the Territory of Dakota led all 
the states and territories in the total yield of wheat, of which quantity the 
north state's share was more than half. North Dakota's claim to agricultural 
greatness is not confined solely to the growth of wheat, it produces all the small 
grains in gracious abundance and of splendid quality. 

The Board of Agriculture of North Dakota is constituted as follows: I. C. 
Wade, president, Jamestown; J. P. Power, vice president, Wahpeton; Gerald 
Pierce, secretary, Bismarck; E. Y. Searles, treasurer, Hillsboro; J. B. Valland- 
igham, Valley City; Joseph Tombs, Grafton; R. T. Kingman, Hillsboro; R. D. 
Glasgow, Cisselton; Clarence Price, Bismarck; H. I. Norton, Hamilton; Wm. 
Budge, Grand Forks. 

The North Dakota Farmers Alliance is now a state organization to itself, 
independent of the South Dakota alliance. The officers are Walter Muir of 
Cass county, president; James Dobie of Pembina county, and Andrew Slotten 
of Richland county, respectively first and second vice presidents; M. D. Wil- 
liams of Stutsman county, secretary; S. W. XJnkenholz of Morton county, 
treasurer; Ira S. Lampman of Barnes county, lecturer. F. B. Fancher of Stuts- 
man county has charge of the insurance department. The official organ is the 
Capital, published at Jamestown. 

Statistics. — The accompanying tables, which show the acreage and yield of 
crops for 1888 and 1889, are of interest, and furnish food for reflection. It will 
be seen that in 1883 the little more than 3,000,000 acres in cultivation, out of a 
total of quite 48,000,000 in the state, produced nearly 40,000,000 bushels of 
small grains, not including divers other products of the soil. The table of 
acreage and yield in 1888 is combined, while those of 1889 are given sepa- 
rately. The first table is the report of 1888: 



STATE OF NOETH DAKOTA. 



57 



AGRICULTURE, 1888. 



COUNTIES. 



Barnes 

Benson 

*Billings 

Bottineau 

♦Burleigh 

Cass 

Cavlalier 

*Dickev 

Eddy.'. 

*Emmons 

Foster 

*Grand Forks.. 
♦Griggs 

Kidder 

La Moure 

Logan 

McHenry 

*McIntosh 

McLean 

*Mercer 

Morton 

Nelson 

Oliver 

*Pembina 

♦Pierce 

♦Ramsey 

Ransom 

Richland 

Rolette 

Sargent 

Stark 

Steele 

Stutsman 

♦Towner 

♦Traill 

♦Walsh 

Ward 

Wells 



Land in Farm and Used in 
Connection Therewith. 



Acres Un- 
der Culti- 
vation. 



154, 620 
34, .'iTe 
200 
30, 788 
35, 345 

59.^, 645 
71,375 

131, 939 
31,541 
14,909 
40, 675 

323,214 

55, 782 

30, 090 

73, 604 

2,716 

8,483 

39, 061 

10, 008 

3,080 

23, 532 

91,930 

3,066 

270, 196 
6, 760 

106, 167 

114,025 

158, 808 
23, 651 
94, 313 
15, 1?4 

114. 423 
62, 707 

4,473 

254. 424 
276, 585 

6,161 
30, 057 



Acres 
Under 
Fence. 



Total num- 
ber of Acres 

in Farm 
(Cultivated 
and Uncul- 
tivated). 



6, 743 

4,125 

1,000 

2,123 

13, 877 

35, 275 

10, 778 

11,317 

3,405 

1,268 

1,194 

37, 882 

7, 812 

1,327 

3,723 

1, 465 

8, 0(56 

200 

8^3 

186 

4,916 

8,373 



35, 799 



11,297 
13, 950 
20, 626 

4,381 
11,779 

1,282 
13,152 

4,204 

1,241 
29, 953 
3d, 742 

3,875 
282 



276, 189 
83, 585 



115,062 

99, 085 

664,713 

227, 228 

407, 860 

70, 066 

87,4.33 

112,691 

513, 035 

114, 106 

61,976 

166,692 

15, 280 

59, 437 



45. 562 

15, 900 
135, 269 
227, 627 

17,916 
455, 461 

22,896 
401,916 
191,615 
30r!, 680 
120, 052 
211,614 

56, 865 
192, 151 
122,875 
102, 794 
359,615 
466, 959 

49, 770 

26, 816 



Present Cash Value. 



Of Farm 
Including 
Improve- 
ments. 



Of Farming 
Implements 

and 
Machinery. 



SI, 550, 049 
389,915 



399, 930 
530, 565 

4, 295, 004 
929, 170 

2, 409, 693 
341,740 
347, 795 
4-=54, 031 

4, 222, 766 
527, 120 
338, 020 

1,145,607 
130,500 
93, 726 



308, 900 

10, 175 

2C4, 296 

1,139,344 

67, 928 

4,679,672 

7'2, 895 

1,462,255 

1,927,710 

1,833,558 

620, 727 

967, 319 

209, 252 

1, 426, 828 

729,610 

684, 130 

4,713,145 

3, 003, 704 

124,650 

49, 810 



S1.52, 058 

52, 490 

1,197 

32, 648 

71,871 

263, 748 

105,903 

75, 204 

32,130 

22, 320 

18,825 

242, 787 

57, 773 

25, 785 

90, 537 

4,616 

9,809 



13,777 

2,614 

32,816 

76, 147 

5,049 

272, 121 

12, 203 

113, 403 

123, 438 

123, 927 

41,810 

111,292 

14, 576 

88, 044 

51,406 

35, 157 

260, 623 

152,642 

6,777 

22, 283 



Acreage and 
Yield. 



Corn. 



Acres. Bush 



207 
9 


2,391 


15 


1, 500 


2,832 
1,064 


31,775 
12, 940 


2,280 
42 


38, 648 


2,100 

'ee" 

16 


33, 900 
"987 



235 
469 

62 
199 
215 
462 
610 
2,485 

26 
795 

51 



760 
1,608 



836 
836 
172 
45 



371 

"85 
13 



Total 3,344,053 353,451 6,604,791 «!42,341,539 $2,819,806 18,966 277,441 

• Incomplete. 



1,379 

6,940 

675 

293 

2,364 

2, 497 

3,767 

34, 127 

10 

3,078 

100 



13, 570 
45, 174 



14, 137 

22, 465 

1,190 

225 



1, 972 



58 



STATE OF XOETH DAKOTA. 



AGRICULTURE, 18S8 — CosxnnJED. 



ACREAGE SOWS AND THE YIELD OF THE CROPS FOE THE YEAR. 



"Wheiat. 



COUXTIES. 



Bushels. Acres. 



Oats. 



Bushels. 



Rye. 



Bushels 



Barley. 



Acres. 



Bushels. 



Barnes . 

Benson 
♦BilUngs. 

Bottineau 

*Burleigh , 

Cass 

Cavalier , 

♦Dickev , 

Eddy 

*Emmons 

Foster 

*Grand Forks., 
*Griggs 

Kidder 

La Moure 

Logan 

McHenry 

♦Mcintosh 

McLean 

*Mercer. ......... 

Morton 

Nelson 

Oliver 

*Pembina 

*Pierce 

*Kamsey 

Ransom 

Richland 

Rolette 

Sargent 

Stark 

Steele 

Stutsman 

♦Towner 

"Traill 

♦Walsh 

Ward 

Wells 




Total.. 



11,732 

18,313 

368, 728 

42, 528 

6 », 099 

22, 183 

7,670 

22, 013 

206, 421 

36, 618 

24, 891 

46, 031 

1,386 

2,029 

10, 392 

4,842 

464 

8,361 

55, 320 

649 

173, 798 

6,760 

66, 967 

81,288 

110, 186 

9,677 

61,355 

5, 242 

72,910 

42, 975 

22, 459 

227, 712 

187, 523 

1,932 

17,931 



2, 161, 429 



94, 795 

176, 6il 

3, 179, 093 

517,691 

847,247 

133, 965 

63, 885 

216, 885 

2, 169, 396 

190,992 

220, 141 

530, 798 

13, 840 

20, 74ti 

125, 715 

49, 313 

3,895 

84,212 

295, 480 

5,795 

2, 0«9, 206 

66, 600 

418,468 

942, G92 

1, 086, 674 

70, 867 

831. 792 

58, 543 

594, 053 

339, 786 

75, 073 

2, 174, 568 

2, 284, 392 

19, 527 

184, 335 



21,139 

3,717 

90 

2,580 

6,98» 

55, 433 

10, 162 

15, 613 

3,832 

2,476 

4,193 

33, 475 

6,013 

3,806 

9,998 

447 

1,475 

4,023 

2,396 

350 

4,024 

8,544 

761 

25, 963 

1,012 

10, 391 

19,101 

23, 671 

3,269 

12, 759 

2,838 

13, 175 

8,801 

4, 229 

27, 588 

31, 039 

l,2r.9 

3,3S8 



334, 015 

106,876 

900 

46,852 
163,250 
1, 706, 187 
326, 632 
359, 640 
122, 806 

57, 523 
127,628 
1,120,018 
206, 569 
105, 235 
258, 514 

11,358 

32, 389 

89, 931 

50, 060 
4,7iJ9 

77, 903 
290, 245 

13,388 
957, 872 

20,240 
345, 675 
484,465 
614, 208 

65,150 
366,444 

79,654 
451, 728 
259, 219 
117,032 
953, 001 
915, 865 

23, 203 

95. 760 



137 
2 



3 

120 

72 



32 

2 

227 



7 

122 

15 

4 
42 
96 
94 
11 



2,054 
40 



4,995 
618 



84 
1,864 
1,674 



514 

"so 



110 

606 

25 

4, 256 



10 


77 


7 


201 


7 


257 






18 


192 


3 


17 



90 

366 

6,617 

3,782 

5,537 

799 

565 

513 

10,196 

1,796 

459 

1,534 

56 

119 

681 

100 

44 

176 

2,092 

18 

10, 579 



69 

1,997 

236 

30 
802 
702 
980 

70 



515 



2,291 
1,167 
2,728 

571 
2,526 

133 

118 
1,575 

405 

3,711 

5,734 

58 



21,051,598 390,018 



136,304 
13,013 



1,196 

2,694 

107, 270 

92, 912 

123, 721 

14,947 

11,254 

12,593 

259, 160 

39,667 

11,424 

38.207 

1.560 

2,244 

15,882 

2,074 

506 

1,758 

42,048 

228 

299,405 



72,047 

27,067 

63,336 

6,546 

53,822 

3,527 

29,970 

40,053 

7,161 

103, 296 

147, 337 

750 

2,915 



11,362,174 



1,093 I 17,402 



72, 725 



1, 847, 894 



= Incomplete. 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 



59 



AGRICULTURE, 1888 — Concluded. 

ACREAGK SOWN AND THK YIELD OF THE CROPS FOR THE YEAR. 





Flax. 


Beans. 


Peas. 


Broom Irish 
Corn. Potatoes. 


Buck- 
wheat. 



< 


COUNTIES. 


1 
< 




< 


3 


u 
o 

< 


3 


i 


3 


u 

< 


3 


u 

< 


3 


3 





728 
182 

375 

271 

62 

8,407 

366 

543 

550 

25 

277 

75 

1,034 

291 

12 

8,312 


2,699 
1,918 

""2,"548 

1,172 

223 

67,711 

777 

5, 948 

4, 575 

382 

440 

272 

11, 997 

1,566 

35 

54, 819 


11 


48 9 


54 


1 


75 


7.^52 

89 

10 

134 

627 

1, 395 

248 

831 

58 

276 

170 


75, 477 

9,639 

1,000 

7,673 

63, 805 

144,010 

25, 202 

76, 452 

9,668 

29,510 

16,755 


'""s 

2 

■"■3 
4 

'■■■'2 

""3 
23 
64 
13 
10 


"27 

15 

"46 
00 

'"36 
'"253 

iuo 
100 




Benson 

*Billing8 




4 
8 




123 
12 






*Burleigh 


83 
67 


83 
8 
2 
5 
6 
4 
1 
1 

26 
2 
8 


158 

115 

20 

74 

49 

44 

20 

11 

161 

6 

71 


5 










*Dickey 


12 


71 




Eddy 




♦Emmons 


20 
4 


129 
60 
39 




♦Grand Forks.. 


?24 83, 883 
167: 14,517 
188! 26,100 




Kidder 


3 

11 


12 
69 




La Moure .... 


470 

35 
108 
167 
115 

47 
610 
234 

66 
# 529 

56 
276 
478 
715 


54, bSS 

3,119 

8,927 
17, 532 
13, 823 

4,217 
66, 945 
19,942 

6,524 
79, 595 

5,600 
20, 332 
46,449 
65, 124 

9,654 
47,219 
39, 742 
33, 441 
71,415 

2,683 
71,20; 
76, 907 

8,777 
11, 345 




McHenry 

♦Mcintosh 






8 


59 




















5 

2 

46 

17 


35 

12 

497 

51 










292 

606 

180 

20 


1,916 
3,531 

478 
98 


114 
16 


54 
136 


























4 


50 






















59 
10 

564 

86 

2,147 

37 

239 

236 
50 
84 

688 
1 

562 


450 

40 

4,732 

574 

14, 965 

208 

2,102 

1,702 

150 

303 

6,581 

8 

5,148 






8 

1 
3 
9 
8 
8 
2 

■■■4 

15 

4 

12 


45 
15 
18 
101 
165 
115 
24 

75 

82 
45 
213 


""2 


"31 






27 
18 
4 
10 
18 

""'i 

'""i 

5 


47 
106 




Richland 






92 
2 
2 

7 

20 

9 
4 






583 

358 

400 

496 

48 

670 

861 

82 

9fa 




stark 


L.. 


Steele 




Stutsman 






7 






*Traill 




♦Walsh 




Ward 




Wells 










_ 


Total 


27, 361 


200, 068 


419 


1,057 


318 


2,385 


8 


106 


13, 249 


1, 368, 847 


139 


625 


9 
























— 



* Incomplete. 



60 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 












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;2C — :. — — — — X XX XC" 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 61 

Small Farming. — It is the aggregation of small things that makes large 
ones. It is the small farmer of the East who comes out ahead in the long run. 
By the term small farmer, we mean the one who makes good use of all the 
chances presented by farm life. Money is made in bulk by securing large crops 
of any marketable product, but in handling large crops the odds aud ends 
should not be neglected, because in these in the off years there may be salva- 
tion. There is money in gardening, in poultry and eggs, in butter and cheese, 
and a score of other things which seem trifling to a man who harvests 3,000 or 
4,000 bushels of dollar wheat, but supposing there is a hot wind, a lack of rain 
or a frost? The man who puts all his eggs in one basket is liable to go to 
smash. In a country and climate as suitable and favorable to the growth of 
poultry and the production of eggs as North Dakota, the product ought to ex- 
ceed $119,565, as shown by the returns of 1888. It is the tendency of Ameri- 
cans to run to large results, and for this reason we call upon foreign lands for 
products so easily and generously yielded on our own soil with but little at- 
tention and care. During the month of September, 1889, according to the re- 
port of the National Bureau of Statistics, the United States imported 20,000,000 
dozen eggs, and the past fiscal year shows the country to have imported $50,. 
000,000 more than it exported — an enormous drain of treasure. Many smal] 
articles that can be readily produced in Dakota are imported every year, yet in 
spite of that the country is growing, but it will grow faster in the direction of 
prosperity through the medium of the small savings, economies and produc- 
tions. The table on the following page shows the value of garden products, 
poultry, butter, cheese and honey produced during 1888: 



62 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 



SMALL FAR^nNG, 1888. 





Gardens. 


Poultry 


Dairy Products During the 
Year 1888. 


Bees. 




3 2 cS 

> 


Value of Poultry and 
Eggs sold during the 
Year 1888. 


Made in Family. 


Value of Milk sold dur- 
iugthe Yearotherthan 
that sold to Cheese Fac- 
tories and Creameries. 


-a 

a 
S 

OQ 

O 

(.1 
.§ 

a 

3 


13 

a 


COUNTIES. 


Cheese. 


Butter. 


3 

o 
C-oo 




•z, 




.a a 
IS 




82,658 

20 

200 

338 

3,819 

3,741 

1,185 

671 

25 

155 

280 

2,477 

210 

288 

1,345 


89,356 
287 


4,080 
200 


207,434 
63,685 


83,435 


1 


6 


Benson 


*Billings 


50 






Bottineau 


382 

8,695 

12, 974 

1,631 

3,606 

655 
2,151 

395 
8,581 

905 
1,628 
3,031 


405 

9,704 

1,481 

50 

1,360 

500 


40, 179 
53, 582 

332, 802 
96, 855 

152, 963 

29, 600 

520 

34, 610 

275, 363 
50, 626 
25, 882 
76, 528 
7,930 
39, 988 






*Burleigh 


10, 141 
1,723 




1 

32 

2 


Cass 


Cavalier 




*Diekey 


7,938 
100 
419 


1 


Eddy 




*Emmoiis 






Foster 


1,250 
3,101 
1,047 
150 
255 
9,400 
1,025 






*Grand Forks 


7,946 

721 

79 

1,594 


1 




*Griggs 




Kidder 






La Moure 






Logan 






McHenrr 


423 


596 


25 






•Mcintosh 






McLean 


27 
99 

1,384 
401 
146 
972 
400 
11,229 
938 

1,315 
170 

1,663 

1,142 
810 
259 


1,557 
239 
9,252 
3,553 
607 
5,668 
350 
5,190 
2,989 
6,367 
1,020 
4,664 
2,408 
1,768 
3. 978 


915 
1,086 
2,515 
2,570 
1, 550 

590 


41, 360 

9,255 

91,415 

87, 165 

17, 775 

243, .^54 

600 

110,622 

159, 810 

139, 669 

45, 768 

97, 880 

34, 538 

95, 130 

120, 880 

37, 573 

189, 654 

23S, 513 

45,606 

5,855 








*Mercer 


ion 

65 
187 




1 


Morton 




Nelson 


2 




Oliver 




*Pembina 


78 




1 


*Pierce 






*Ranisey 


930 
4,235 
2,024 

980 
1,455 
6,000 

999 
4,325 


1,677 
198 

2,370 
61 

2,119 

5, 625 
300 






Ransom 


e" 


294 
250 


Richland 


Rolette 


Sargent 






Stark 






Steele 






Stutsman 






♦Towner 


3 1,450 

1,741 4,886 

2, 827 6, 771 

176 1,530 

205 445 


400 

956 

2,745 

2,005 






♦Traill 


3,415 
5,092 






♦Walsh 






Ward 


24 




Wells 


















Total 


813,744 ' S1 10 ."^fi.T 79 fi«Q 1 !J am i=;q 1 «:;9 nt:7 1 


35 


588 






' 


1 


1 





* Incomplete. 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 



63 



Fruits. — The abundance of wild fruits to be found in the timber along 
the streams is evidence that with right care in selection, planting, etc. , tame 
varieties can be successfully grown in North Dakota. Fruits are among the 
last things to come in the settlement of a new country, but the time will come 
when orchards will be found in every part of the north state. It is reasonable 
to believe this, when fruit trees grow to the east in parallels far north of ours. 
The returns of nurseries, and the numbers of fruit trees and acres of berries, 
for 1888, appear in the following table: 





< 

O m 

0) 

as 
1^ 


Orchards. 


Berries. 


Grapes 




COUNTIES. 




v. CO to 

o ® a 
^ t- g 

air 

= ,<H o 


V a O 


1° 

sag- 






9 


u 


127 


17 




10 


Benson 




















Bottineau 














♦Burleigh 


1 
81 


16 
618 
204 

16 

5 

300 


498 

1,095 

100 

520 

12 

1.000 


4 
15 




>t 








Cavalier 






♦Dickey 




43 




10 


Eddy 










io 

35 
1 
15 


5 












♦Grand Forks 


766 
43 


262 
14 


1 












Kidder 










10 




648 










































i 






























9 
34 


6 


541 


89 


10 


10 










32 

88 










29 


682 



















2 

33 
3 

42 
18 




150 
212 
1d9 


1 








58 
141 


5 






2 




Rolette 


1,252 9S 








29 


611 


157 






Stark 






Steele 


15 


69 

1 


348 
110 


1 

1 

1 

2 

418 


















♦Traill 


6 

57 


898 
142 


809 
368 




2 








Ward 
















7 














Total 


410 


4,987 7,792 


757 


15 


48 







♦ Incomplete. 

Note. — The term acre as applied to berries probably means patches or gardens. 



64 



STATE OF XOETH DAKOTA. 



Grasses. — The wild grasses have heretofore been so abundant and nutri- 
tious that the need of cultivating tame varieties has been little felt; but as the 
ranges become more circumscribed the cultivated grasses and forage plants are 
given more attention. All the varieties common to the Northern states will 
grow; in fact, the Jiorth temperate zone is the only part of the world in which 
the grasses reach perfection. The following table shows the acres of grasses in 
cultivation or to be cultivated in 1839, together with the tons of tame and wild 
hay cut in 1888: 



COUNTIES 



Barnes 

Benson 

♦Billings 

Boitineau 

♦Burleigh 

Cass 

Cavalier 

*Dlckey 

Eddy 

♦Emmons , 

Foster 

*Grand Forks 
*Griggs 

Kidder 

La Moure 

Logan 

McHenrv 

♦Mcintosh , 

McLean , 

♦Mercer 

Morton 

Xelson 

Oliver 

♦Pembina 

♦Pierce 

♦Ramsey , 

Ransom 

Richland 

Rolette 

Sargent 

Stark 

Steele 

Stutsman 

♦Towner 

♦Traill 

♦Walsh 

Ward 

Wells 



Acres of Grasses is Ccltivatiox oe to 
BE Cultivated in 1889. 





o 
















Hg 














c 


*o 






O 


C 



a) o c3 
I. a> jj 



SHoo 



3,187 



],23<! 



30 
79 
104 
237 
362 
797 
182 
537 
410 
109 
289 
530 
773 
32 
11 
140 
412 
315 
939 
133 
451 
393 



10 

4,851 

119 

55 

208 



1 I 8 

1 2 

10 ! 126 



3,417 
38 
18 
51 



190 
2, 105 
1,422 
6 
1,023 
1,535 

848 
2,117 

2,670 

2,975 

94 

398 



48 
52 

"609 



86 

200 

1,066 

21 

503 

4 

204 

53 



3,529 
799 



65 
142 



43 



1,814 
8,305 

38,167 
3,821 
6,924 
215 
2,042 
1,188 

25. 875 

3,801 

360 

2,870 



970 



552 



1,710 

6,721 

330 

21, 276 



3,490 

13,202 

7,152 

4,826 

14, 235 

198 

7, 0.38 

595 

1,336 

29, 246 

25,587 

962 

170 



31 
4,419 
9,723 
1,146 
2,883 



600 
676 

9,474 
843 
144 

3,193 



754 

180 

1,751 

245 



2,159 



395 

1,928 

1,131 

^2 

660 
2,244 
2,576 
3,176 

"7" 232" 
3, 231 



387 



t"l-CCC 

-.2 - 

^s:5 



37,704 
11,661 
1,100 
10,916 
16, 647 
59,825 
20, 376 
23,031 



12, 852 

7,581 
45,723 
15,935 

6,801 
13,337 

1,582 
16,473 
11,793 

4,461 

2,019 
12, 374 
2S, 292 

2,943 
42, 559 
12, 000 
22, 945 
28,788 
50,086 
11,337 
23,595 

5,609 
24, 575 
14,615 

8,206 
44, 989 
29, 438 

5,719 

7,689 



Total 44,799 



16,213 2i>3 I 692 238,125 62,431 



♦Incomplete. 



STATE OF NOBTH DAKOTA. 65 



VIII. 



IRRIGATION. 



The rainfall of North Dakota is sufficient to mature crops, but it is not al- 
ways seasonable, and owing to the droughty character of a few seasons past, 
the question of irrigation is coming prominently to the front. A convention 
was held at Grand Forks recently, and a memorial was prepared asking Con- 
gress to take steps preliminary to the construction of a canal from the Missouri 
river in Montana, eastward through Montana and North Dakota to the Red 
river. From this water could be drawn for a vast acreage. The convention 
adopted resolutions urging Congress to give the settled regions first attention, 
rather than the unsettled sections. The two Dakotas have a fair settlement of 
people, and have paid into the United States treasury over $20,000,000 for 
lands, besides vast sums expended in the improvement of these lands. If aid 
is given less settled regions the people of the Dakotas could not be benefited, 
even if they had money, because they have already exercised their rights under 
the claim laws. Another and important feature attending the conversion of 
arid lands to the west of us into productive fields, when there is already an 
over-production of cereals, is one of interest if not alarm to every Dakotan, as 
well as to dwellers in all of the humid and sub-humid prairie states. Had 
the farmers of Dakota been able to irrigate their fields this year, their crops 
would have been enormous instead of being merely fair. By tapping the arte- 
sian basin and utilizing the flow of rivers, the fields of both Dakotas could be 
made to rival those of the Nile in productiveness. This artificial supply of 
water would not only produce wonderful crops of grain, but vegetables, grasses, 
forage plants, small fruits and trees would spring forth in plenty, covering 
the face of the country with orchards and forest groves, and giving character 
and beauty to the landscape not possible now without great labor. 



66 STATE OF >-OETH DAKOTA. 



IX. 

STOCK. 

The growing of wheat has been engaged in by the farmers of North Dakota 
largely to the exclusion of all other means for making money from the soil. 
This was only natural because it took very little capital to raise wheat and the 
returns were speedy and profitable. Of late years, however, farmers find that 
mised or diversified farming pays better in the long run. The adaptability of 
North Dakota to successful stock raising in connection with mixed farming is 
becoming better understood. The success in raising live stock has become so 
satisfactory that every farmer is providing himself, as fast as he can, with as 
many head of cattle, horses, sheep and hogs as he can obtain. While wheat is 
the principal harvest crop, oats, flax, barley, rye, corn and all of the root 
crops are largely and profitably raised, yet the climate has proven most favor- 
able for the rapid and healthful growth of cattle, horses, sheep and hogs, and 
the native grasses are so plentiful and nutritious that the live stock indus- 
try, both with farmers and with stock raisers who make it a speciality, is grow- 
ing in importance. There is no more desirable part of the republic to engage in 
the stock-growing industry than is offered on the broad and open grazing ranges 
of North Dakota. The coteaus. a chain of low, grassy hills running through 
a portion of the new state east of the Missouri river, and also the wide extent 
of rolling prairies west of the Missouri, afford unsurpassed advantages for the 
profitable raising of sheep, cattle and horses as a business. Sheep, wherever 
tried, have done remarkably well, the dry atmosphere giving exemption from 
diseases peculiar to them, which have always formed so formidable an enemy 
to sheep raising in sections of the East. It may also be stated that North Da- 
kota is free from the dreaded scourge, hog cholera. Hogs raised on roots and 
grains make sweeter and better meat, and not so fat and gross as the corn-fed 
swine. Hogs weighing from 500 to 600 pounds have been raised without a 
grain of corn. 

Statistics. — The returns herewith presented are incomplete, but they give 
an idea of the general distribution of the stock interests in the various coun- 
ties of the state. The table giving the death loss is one of value, in that it 
shows a very low percentage of mortality, particularly when the fact is known 
that much of this stock received very little care or extra feed during the winter 
season: 



STATE OF NOBTH DAKOTA. 



67 



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STATE OF NOKTH DAKOTA. 69 



North Dakota is not all a treeless plain, by any means, and the settlers on 
her open prairies have no reason whatever to feel discouraged about the future 
of their own section. All they have to do is to apply themselves industriously 
to the task of planting, and replanting when necessary, the timber that can 
and does grow in this fruitful soil. The timber area of North Dakota may be 
classified as native and cultivated. The extent of the native timber belts alone 
will surprise most people. The Red river valley is in part a well- wooded 
country. A number of forest varieties are thrifty natives of the bottom lands 
adjacent to the Red River of the North, and its tributary streams, the Shey- 
enne. Wild Rice, Maple, Goose, Turtle, Forest, Park, Tongue and Pembina 
rivers. There is considerable oak and other timber bordering on Devils lake, 
and a heavy growth of poplar, balm of Gilead, ash and oak in the Turtle 
Mountains. The timber along the Missouri river is mostly cottonwood, which 
in places grows to an immense size. There is not much timber on the James 
river, what is found there being confined to a number of straggling patches 
and a few larger groves. Fringes of trees line all the streams tributary to the 
Missouri. The cultivated area of timber is larger than would be supposed, the 
returns of artificial forests, by counties, being as follows: 



STATE OF XOETH DAKOTA. 



ARTIFICIAL FORESTS 







Teees Ose 


Year Old 


-VXD OVEK. 




COL N'TIES. 


No. Acres 
Cottonwood 


Xo. Acres 
Box Elder. 


No. Acres 
Ash. 


No. Acres 
Maple. 


No. Acres 
OtherVarie- 

ties. 




622 

6i 


739 
255 


70 
25 


3 


512 




18 


*Billings 








19 
864 
676 
349 
158 
131 

87 


59 

612 
989 
116 
586 
133 
1,219 

30 
573 
135 
•222 
470 

71 


30 
550 

62 

17 
133 

59 










110 


Cass 


19 
5 
27 


73 




62 




1, 472 


Eddv 


•581 














fGrand Forks 


703 
111 
4,056 
79 
12 


65 
42 

74 
29 
21 


10 


461 




12 


Kidder 








3 
2 


8 
























52 


209 


66 




1 










720 
148 
30 
181 


186 

178 

5 

479 


171 

49 

3 

S 




S 






12 


Oliver 








31 
50 


900 




60 


fRamsey 


285 

384 

415 

2 

6,991 

15 

253 

298 

tJ 

2,260 

1 
63 


230 
393 
432 

68 
8,405 

98 
157 
393 
1 
342 
824 


74 
20 
42 

5 

3,596 

37 

31 

54 

1 

59 

126 

1 


13 


43 

96 

1 

3,027 




Richland 

Rolette 

Sargent 


140 
94 

1,072 
10 


Steele 


1 


102 
23 


tTowTier 

i-Traill 

+Walsh 

Ward 


3 

2 

21 


1 

122 
553 
706 


Wells 


.54 














Total 


20.814 


18.663 


5.528 


3, 354 


7. 1-23 



* Not reported. 
t Incomplete. 



STATE OF NOBTH DAKOTA. 71 



XI. 
MINERAL RESOURCES. 

Coal. — The mines of North Dakota are chiefly coal. The whole of the 
country west of the Missouri river and a considerable part of that east of the 
Missouri river is underlaid with deposits of lignite coal, which crops out in 
many places in veins from 4 to 20 feet in thickness. "The lignite coal, some- 
times known as brown coal," says E. V. Smalley in the NortJiwest Magazine^ 
' ' is less rich in heating properties in proportion to its weight than anthracite or 
bituminous coal, but is nevertheless an excellent fuel for domestic purposes 
and for stationary engines. It is much better domestic fuel than wood. It is 
mined very cheaply from the outcroppings in the sides of the hills, and is more 
and more coming into general use as the common domestic fuel of the country." 
Lignite coal is largely mined for shipment at Sims, Morton county, and at 
Dickinson, Stark county, on the Northern Pacific railroad. It is also mined 
for local consumption at New England City, in Hettinger county, and at all of the 
towns in each of the counties west of the Missouri river. It is also mined east 
of the Missouri river; at Coal Harbor and other places in McLean county; at 
the Hawley mine in Burleigh county; at several points in Emmons county; at 
several points in the Mouse river country and at the Pony Gulch mines in "Wells 
county. Settlers in the region west of the Missouri river, where numerous out- 
croppings of coal are found in almost every township, are in the habit of min- 
ing their own fuel. A little work with pick and shovel uncovers a vein on the 
side of a hill from which a wagon can be loaded without much labor. Lignite 
coal is wood in the first conversion into coal. It retains to a great extent the 
texture of the wood from which it was formed, and its vegetable character can 
often be seen in the carbonized sections of limbs and trunks of trees. The pro- 
portion of carbon in this variety of coal will average about 50 per cent. The 
existence of these extensive coal beds is an important matter for the future 
development of North Dakota, and for the comfort and prosperity of the set- 
tlers, insuring them an ample supply of cheap fuel for all future time. 

Building' Stones. — There are fine deposits of various kinds of stone in 
the Turtle Mountains, and boulders suitable for foundation purposes are plen- 
tifully scattered over North Dakota. The discovery of valuable minerals has 
been announced from the Turtle Mountains, but coal, iron and oil are known 
to exist in quantities. A geological survey of the state would no doubt reveal 
wealth of which we now have no knowledge. 

Clays for brick making, pottery, etc., abound. At Dickinson, Stark county, 
an excellent cream-colored brick is made. 



XII. 

MANUFACTURES. 

The manufacturing interests of North Dakota are not commensurate with its 
possibilities and wants. Its largest and most important industry is flour 
making, a business capable of large expansion, which is also true of a varied 
class of factories for whi«i\ the fields and pastures can furnish an abundance of 
raw material. 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 



Flouring- Mills.— The milling statistics of the state, as far as could be 
obtained, are as follows: 



OVER 200 BARRELS CAPACITY. 



LOCATION. 


Capital 

Em- 
ployed. 


Value of 1 
Annual | 
Product. 


LOCATION. 


Capital 

Em- 
ployed. 


Value of 
Annual 
Product. 


Bismarck 


850,000 
40, 000 
75, 000 
45. 000 

100, 000 


5160,000 1 

150, 000 ; 

240,000 1 
175, 000 . 
250, 000 


i Hillsboro 

j Jamestown 

' Mandan 

Minto 

Valley City 


$42,000 
38, 000 
60, 000 
36,000 
48,000 


8160,000 
140,000 
210, 009 
155, OUO 
190,000 


Fargo 


*Grand Forks 





* Grand Forks has two other mUls of a combined capital of 540,000 with an output of 
8120,000. 



UNDER 200 BARRELS CAPACITY. 



LOCATION. 



Capital ' Value of 
Em- Annual ; 
ployed. Product. 



Colfax i §12,000 

Pembina | 25,0ii0 

New Salem j 10,000 

Washburn i 6,000 

Salem 10,000 

La Moure i in, 000 

Wahpeton 25,000 

Lisbon 10,000 

Walhalla \ 10,000 

Gladstone ' 15,000 

Glen Tllin I 8,000 

Tower Citv 20,000 



842,000 
70, 000 
35, 000 
23, 000 
33, 000 
35,000 
70, 000 
33,0tiO 
36, 000 
40,000 
35, 000 
63, 000 



LOCATION. 



Capital Value of 

Em- I Annual 

ployed. : Product. 



New Rockford 

Arvilla 

Oakes 

Miinor 

Grandin 

Caledonia 

Mayville , 

Portland 

Daily 

St, John 

Dunseith 



810,000 

40,000 

8,000 

8,000 

8,000 

15, 000 

50, 000 

20, 000 

20, 000 

8,000 

12, 000 



835, 000 
110, 000 
30, 000 
29,000 
30,000 
48,000 
135,000 
60,000 
50,000 
25,000 
30,000 



These mills are famished with the latest and most approved rolling appli- 
ances and the best attainable machinery, and make superior grades of flour, such 
as only can be made from No. 1 hard wheat. When it is understood that mill- 
ions of bushels of wheat are annually shipped to Eastern milling points, one 
can readily see the chance for expanding the manufacture of flour. 

Creameries. — Attention is being turned to the manufacture of butter in 
creameries, the number, value a ad output being as follows: 



LOCATION. 


Capital Value of 
Invested. Product. 


LOCATION. 


Capital 
Invested. 


Value of 
Product. 


Valley Citv 


88,000 
12,000 
15,000 

8,000 
12,000 

.•i, 000 


824,000 1 
35,000 
50,000 1 
25,000 ; 

35,000 ; 

LI. 000 


Taylor 


85,000 
12,000 
10,000 
6, 000 
8,000 


J12 000 






38,000 
26,000 
18,000 












• Wahpeton 


25. 000 













STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA! 73 

This, too, is an industry capable of indefinite expansion, owing to free ranges. 
The creamery product is gilt edge and brings high prices. A good article of 
dairy butter is also extensively made, and has become a valuable addition to 
the income of every practical farmer. Reports of the establishment of cream- 
eries and of an occasional cheese factory are on the increase. Most of them are 
organized on a liberal scale, and the work entered upon with all the energy 
that Dakota men usually give to enterprises which promise to be of public good 
Dairy products will soon present quite a figure in the statistics of our new 
state. The statistics of butter and cheese made on farms wdll be found in a 
table elsewhere. 

liUmbering'. — The principal saw mills of North Dakota are at Grand 
Forks, the logs coming on the Red river from the pineries of Minnesota. Every 
leading town of the state, however, has planing mills and wood-working shops 
of various kinds. 

Minor Industries. — Besides the saw and flour mills, every community 
has small factories engaged principally in repair work and manufacturing for 
local demands. There are several large brickyards, and clay of excellent qual- 
ity abounds. 



XIII. 

EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES. 

North Dakota enters the Union with 1,362 public schools, giving employ- 
ment to lj741 teachers. Money for the support of these schools was raised 
from direct taxation, the territory having in the last five years expended over 
$10,000,000 for this purpose alone. Is this not wonderfulfor a region so recent- 
ly marked off on the map as a part of the "Great American Desert?" By 
admission the state comes into possession of its school lands, Sees. 16 and 36, 
or 1,280 acres, in each township, or a couple of million acres in all, none of 
which can be sold under $10 an acre. The money from the sale of these lands 
will create a permanent school fund such as none of the other states had on 
entering the Union. Besides the common schools, all the towns have graded 
and high schools, the state has a university of splendid character, the consti- 
tution makes provision for additional institutions, giving higher, special and 
technical education, while several of the religious organizations have colleges 
and academies bearing records for efficiency and good results. 

The graded schools are modeled upon the best experience of the older East, 
with courses of study equal to any in much larger Eastern cities. A noticeable 
feature is the large percentage of attendance as compared with the enumera- 
tion, as shown by the following table: 



CTTTFS -N^- °f Pupils 

^ Teachers. Enumerated. 



Fargo ! 22 

Grand Forks 14 

Jamestown ; 11 

Bismarck 8 

Lisbon 5 

Wahpeton 4 



1,158 



Pupils 

in 
School. 



1,147 



1,301 I 827 

510 
394 
247 
220 



594 
421 
206 
410 



74 STATE OF XORTH DAKOTA. 

These schools are all supplied with suitable buildings and apparatus to prop- 
erly carry on the work. Good teachers are employed, and good salaries are 
paid. Very few states show a higher percentage of pupils in regular attendance 
in schools than in North Dakota, a significant fact and one in which all take 
pardonable pride, when it is known that in the sparsely settled localities pupils 
often live long distances from school. 

The constitution of Xorth Dakota has two articles, divided into nineteen 
sections, devoted to the question of schools and school lands. The educational 
sections proper are six in number and provide for all grades of instruction 
from the common school to the university. Sec. 147 makes it the duty of the 
legislature to establish and maintain a system of public schools, and then de- 
clares that ''this legislative requirement shall be irrevocable without the con- 
sent of the United states and of the people of North Dakota." This is proba- 
bly the first instance of a constitutional provision making it impossible for a state 
to change a common legislative requirement without the consent of the United 
States. 

Denominational Sctools. — The CongregationaUsts have a college at 
Fargo ; the Presbyterians have one at Jamestown ; the Baptists have a univer- 
sity at Tower City, while the Catholics have schools at Fargo, Grand Forks and 
Bismarck. And since Jamestown has been made the see city of the Catholic 
diocese of North Dakota, no doubt schools of this sect will be established there. 
A.11 these schools present facilities for a liberal education under christian in- 
fluences. 

XIV. 
CHUECHES. 

No new community is better supplied with churches and religious advantages 
than North Dakota ; every town and thickly settled farm neighborhood has its 
church, an^ all the leading christian denominations are represented. The 
Methodists are in numbers sufficient to have the north state set apart as a con- 
ference field; the Episcopalians have a bishop, and so have the Catholics, the state 
having enough of both sects to be made into a separate diocese. The Congre- 
gationaUsts, Presbyterians and Baptists, too. have governing bodies confined to 
the state borders. Considering its years. North Dakota can point with pride to 
its church, school and social privileges. 

• 

XV. 

PUBLIC IXSTITCTIOXS. 

The educatioual, benevolent and reformatory institutions of North Dakota 
are among the best in the land, and reflect great credit upon the people for 
their broad and liberal methods and expenditures in providing higher educa- 
tional advantages, and in caring for the defective and criminal classes. Of the 
latter, however, there are few, there being but 55 convicts in the penitentary, 
or one in every 3.300 of the population, a ratio smaller than in any other state 
in the Union. The cause of higher education is cared for by a state university, 
besides several denominational colleges, to which aid is given in support of 
normal courses. 



STATE OF XOKTH DAKOTA. 75 

North Dakota University. — Prominent among Western educational 
institutions is the university at Grand Forks. The object of this university, 
according to its charter, is to "provide means of acquiring a thorough knowl- 
edge of the various branches connected with scientific, industrial and profes- 
sional pursuits, in the instruction and training of persons in the theory and art 
of teaching, and also instruction in the fundamental laws of the United States." 
The main building of the university is 51x150 feet in size, four stories high, 
and is furnished throughout with modern appliances. There are two wings to 
the main building, besides an astronomical observatory, and a dormitory build- 
ing 55x103 feet forms a part of the college building, the cost of all being over 
$80,000. The natural history, anatomical, mineralogical and geological col- 
lections consist of about 2,500 specimens. The collection of skulls and skele- 
tons representing the different order of mammalia, birds, reptiles, amphibians 
and fishes, is especially good. A very large and choice collection of Black Hills 
minerals is one of the features of the museum. The typical fossils of the vari- 
ous formations of the Silurian and devonian ages are well represented, and there 
is an unusually fine collection of birds mounted and classified. There are like- 
wise many anatomical models and other preparations for illustrating the lectures 
in the several departments of natural science. Every department is well equipped 
with apparatus. The library numbers nearly 1,000 volumes, embracing, in 
addition to the leading encyclopedias, dictionaries and atlases, a fine collection 
of standard works on science, metaphysics, history, etc. No student who haa 
resided in the state for one year next preceding the date of his or her ad- 
mission, is required to pay for tuition in any department in the university yet 
established. A nominal fee to cover incidental expenses, consisting of $5 for 
all students who reside in the state and $10 for all others, is required to bb 
paid at the beginning of each year. Two degrees, bachelor of arts and bacheloi 
of science, are conferred, and teachers' certificates are given to the graduates Oi 
the normal department. Dr. Homer B. Sprague is president, assisted by a 
very competent corps of instructors. John G. Hamilton, is secretary. The trus- 
tees are as follows: W. N. Roach, Larimore; H. G. Mendenhall, Grand Forks; 
Albert L. Hanson, Hillsboro; James Twamley, Minto; Chas. E. Heidel, Valley 
City. 

Hospital for the Insane. — This institution, located at Jamestown, is 
a model of its kind. 'The buildings consist of four ward buildings, two for each 
sex, kitchen buildings, assembly hall, office building and residence, engine 
house, water tower, bams, etc., and cost $276,000. Except the barns ana 
stables, all the buildings are substantially erected of brick, on solid stone base- 
ments, in the most approved style of modern architecture for hospital purposes, 
designed with a view to securing the best sanitary conditions, with strict refer- 
ence to comfort and convenience in the care and treatment of patients. The 
buildings are all separate and distinct, so that while more room, comfort and 
privacy is secured between the sexes, any extensions may be easily made as 
needed. The buildings are connected with corridors. In case of fire or epi- 
demic diseases the advantage ot separate buildings is apparent. The buildings 
are lighted with incandescent electric lights, supplied with water pipes through- 
out, steam-heating apparatus, and a perfect system of sewage. It has been the 
constant aim of the management to have the furnishings perfect and conven- 
ient, even to the smallest details. Pictures, musical instruments, flowers and 



76 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 

other evidences of refinement and taste are found in profusion. The patients 
are kept as neat and clean as possible. Their minds are diverted from despond- 
ent subjects, and all are cheered and amused and exercised in every reasonable 
vray, which method seems to be the only proper course to pursue with insanity. 
Many, with his treatment, recover. There is very little if any force used, and 
there are no jail cells or iron bars to give the impression of confinement or 
prison life. Kindness and cheerfulness, judging from the results here, certainly 
seem to be the best remedies for unhinged minds. 

The location for the hospital is all that can be desired, commanding a view 
*hatis unsurpassed for beauty, — the varying landscape spread out for miles' in 
.■very direction, — the James river, skirted with timber, winding around t^e 
loot of the bluff, with a grand view of the city of Jamestown and the valley of 
the James for miles around. There is a large farm and garden connected with 
Ihe institution, much of the work being done by the patients. All the vege- 
*ables used are grown in the garden, sfud the fields supply all the grain and hay 
keeded for horses and cows. The officers and trustees are as follows: Resident 
ifficers: Dr. O. W. Archibald, superintendent; E. Schwellenbach, steward; D. S. 
Moore, assistant physician; Mrs. M. A. Archibald, matron. Trustees: F. B. 
Fancher, Jamestown; John A. Rea, Bismarck; X. K. Hubbard, Fargo; David 
Russell, Steele; E. R. Kennedy, Ludden. 

Penitentiary. — This is one of the complete prisons of the country. It 
is a well-constructed and suitably arranged building of brick, iron and stone, 
and contains 72 cells, warden's office, departments for guards, officers' and 
guards' dining hall, chapel, barber shop, kitchen and storeroom. It stands on 
a tract of 43 acres, two miles east of the business centre of Bismarck, and cost 
nearly $100,000. The furnishings and appliances are of the plans adopted by 
the older states, including steel cells, water works, severs, laundry and steato- 
heating apparatus. The prison grounds have been nicely laid out, and several 
hundred young trees planted, stables, root houses, and other out buildings 
erected, mostly by prison labor. The prisoners have also been employed in 
improving the capitol grounds. This is one of the few penitentiaries in the 
land in which the convicts are not dressed in stripes, and the large number of 
"trusties '' — those on good behavior — and no escapes, indicate that kind treat- 
ment is more beneficial, not to say humane, than to subject convicts to harsh 
and humiliating treatment. There are 55 inmates, or one in every 3,300 of the 
population of the state. Dan Williams is warden. The trustees are as follows: 
R. M. Tuttle, IMandan; John Haggart, Fargo; John Simons, Valley City; Alex. 
McKenzie, Bismarck; P. McHugh, Langdon. 

New Institutions. — While the north state begins with three public in- 
stitutions as against ten in the south state, the constitution of North Dakota 
makes liberal provisions for all that may be needed in that direction. It takes 
the matter out of the hands of legislative bodies, and thus prevents locality 
contests. It locates the capital at Bismarck, the state university (already 
established) and school of mines at Grand Forks, the agricultural coUege at 
Fargo, a normal school at Valley City, appropriating 50 000 acres of land there- 
for; the deaf and dumb school at Devils Lake, the reform school at Man- 
dan, a normal school at Mayville, appropriating 20.000 acres of land therefor; 
an hospital for the insane with an institution for the feeble-minded in con- 
nection therewith, at Jamestown, appropriating 20.000 acres of land therefor. 



STATE OF NOKTH DAKOTA. 77 

The insane hospital is already established, and has become famed all over the 
whole country for its completeness and perfect management. It also perma- 
nently locates the following institutions: A soldiers' home at Lisbon, with a 
grant of 40,000 acres of land; a blind asylum at such place in the county of 
Pembina as the electors may determine at an election, with a grant of 30,000 
acres; an industrial school for manual training at Ellendale, with a grant of 
40,000 acres; a school of forestry at such place in one of the counties of 
McHenry, Ward, Bottineau or Kolette, as the electors of said counties may de- 

\ termine by an election for that purpose, and a scientific school at Wahpeton, 

' ' with a grant of 40,000 acres; provided, that no other institution of a character 
similar to any one of those located shall be established or maintained without 
a revision of the constitution. 

The Capitol. — North Dakota begins business with a permanent capital 
city. When the capital was removed from Yankton to Bismarck, the citizens 
of the latter city donated a capitol building costing $100,000, and grounds of 
320 acres, largely laid out in town lots, to be sold for the benefit of the terri- 
tory. The main part of the building only is completed, it being without the 
north and south wings. As planned it is four stories high, built of native 
pressed brick and terra cotta, trimmed with white limestone facings, columns 
and sills, and heated throughout by steam. It occupies a commanding site on 
au elevated plateau about a mile north of the business centre. On the second 
fioor are the offices of the governor, secretary, auditor, treasurer and attorney 
general. The third floor is occupied by the offices of the railroad commission, 

■'^ rooms for the various legislative committees, library, and historical collections, 
and the legislative chamber, which extends in height through the fourth story. 

• The senate hall is on the fourth floor. The building when completed will be 
one of the finest edifices in the Northwest. The report of the capitol commis- 
sion furnishes the following data concerning the financial status of the capitol 
building and grounds: 

Cash donated by citizens of Bismarck $100,000 00 

Cash received from 24ilots sold 38,849 00 

Total indebtedness, including interest to April 1, 1889 83,507 46 

Total cost of capitol and grounds, including interest and indebtedness to April 1, 

1889 222,356 46 

Unsold lots now owned by state, 749 — appraised value 85,521 00 

The north half of the north half of section 9, township 139, range 80, 160 acres, not valued. 

Capitol Park, 20 acres, and buildings, not valued. 



78 



STATE Of NORTH DAKOTA. 



XVI. 



PUBLIC LANDS. 



. The land offices in North Dakota, there being four, Fargo, Grand Forks, Devils 
Lake and Bismarck, represent districts in which there can be found millions of 
acres of land subject to entry under the various land laws. The annexed tables 
give the average of vacant lands yet remaining in the different counties of the 
state, except that Dickey county has 21,540 acres, Mcintosh 49,920, and Em- 
mons 42,400 acres, attached to the Aberdeen district in South Dakota; and 
2,080 acres in Sargent county; and 1,520 acres in Kichland county, in the 
Watertown (S. D.) district. 

FARGO LAND DISTRICT. 

OFFICE AT FARliO, CASS COUNTY. 

Michael F. Battelle, Register. Frank S. DeMers, Receiver. 



COUXTIES. 


Acres Va- 
cant Oct. 
1, 18S9. 

50,560 1 
.5,187 ' 
16, 673 
16,646 
30, 820 


COUNTIES. 


Acres Va- 
cant Oct. 
1, 18S>9. 


Dickey 




7, 590 




40, 7t> j 






21 07.i 




! Foster 


49, 4-2!» 




1 Eddv 


25, OSS 




1 • 



Total acres vacant 263^33. 

GRAND FORKS LAND DISTRICT. 

OFFICE AT GRAXD FORKS, GRASD FORKS COO'TY. 

James M. Corbet, Register. James Elton, Receiver. 



COUNTIES. 


Acres Va 

cant Oct. 

1, 1889. 


COUNTIES. 


Acres Va- 
cant Oct. 
1, 1889. 


Eddy 

Nelson 


22,000 i 
33, 000 
10,000 


Cavalier 

Ranisev 


*225, 000 
t91, 500 


Walsh - 




tl78, 700 







Total acres vacant 560,200. 

* Six towns unsurveyed, 13.3,000 acres. fFourtowns unsurveyed, 90,000 acres. X Four towns 
unsurveyed, 90,"00 acres. 

DEVILS LAKE LAND DISTRICT. 

OFFICE AT DEVILS LAKE, RAMSEY COUNTY. 

E. G. SpiLMAJf, Register. S. S. Smith, Receiver. 





COUNTIES. 


.\cres Va- 
cant Oct.! 
1, 1889. ■ 


Acres Va- 
COUNTIES. cant Oct. 
1, 1889. 


Eddy 


.39,500 1 
213, 650 
551,65!» 
806, 740 
517, 440 


Rolette 


\ .lOfi 79(1 


Wells 




536 150 




Church 


641,260 




Pierce 


541 470 






28, 280 








Total acres vacant 




4.182.J 


.30 



STATK OF NOKTH DAKOTA. 



BISMARCK LAND DISTRICT. 

OFFICE AT BISMARCK, BDRLKIGH COUNTV. 

Oscar E. Uka, Register. D. W. Hutchinson, Receircr. 



COUNTIES. 



Mclutosh.. 
Ewmons... 

Logan 

Morton 

Hettinger., 
Bowman..., 

Billings 

Stark 

Oliver 

Burleigh . 

Kidder 

Stutsman.. 

Wells 

Sheridan... 
Wallace.... 
McLean .... 



178, fi60 
237, 9(50 
230, 380 
738, 5.50 
624, 1)40 
348, 160 
671,040 
450, 240 
159, 840 
285, 560 
265, 120 
215,201) 
183, 680 
311,790 
85, 640 
96, 160 



COUNTIES. 



Mercer 

Dunn 

McKenzie 

Stevens 

Ward 

Renville 

Mountraille 

Flannery .«.. 

Biiford 

Allred 

MoHenry 

Williams 

Foster 

Eddy 

Garfield 



Acres. 



184, 480 
358, 400 
368, 640 
737, 280 
473, 440 
880, 640 
819, 200 
, 187, 840 
942, 080 
163, 840 

81, 920 

317, 440 

3,52t 

960 

20, 200 



Total acres vacant ll,622,.50O 

How to Obtain Public Liands. — There are four land offices in North 
Dakota, and all can be reached by rail. In each office there are two officers — a 
register, who records the filings made by settlers and keeps rnn of the disposi- 
tion of lands, and a receiver, who takes charge of the moneys paid for public 
lands and is the authority to whom proof of settlement must be made to secure 
the deed or patent from the Government in the closing act known as "proving 
up. ' ' He is also judge in contests made for non-compliance with the land laws. 
In securing agricultural lands there are three methods: By taking a homestead, 
pre-emption or tree claim, 160 acres being the maximum amount that can be 
filed on in each case. A homestead and tree claim, or a pre-emption and tree 
claim can be taken at the same time, but a pre-emption cannot be taken up 
before the homestead is ' ' proved up, ' ' or vice versa. The pre-emption and 
homestead require residence on the land to secure title. In tree claims of 160 
acres each, eight years are given in which to raise ten acres of trees, the law 
requiring proof that 675 thrifty trees are growing on each acre, or 6,750 in all. 
Thus it is seen that the settler can secure 480 acres of public land. 

The intending settler by applying to the register can get a plat to townships 
in which there is still vacant land. This official will give the applicant all the 
information he possesses concerning the character of the land and how to reach it. 
With the plat he proceeds to the locality it designates, and by aid of the figures 
on the section posts or stones, makes his selection. Settlers already on the 
ground, and anxious to have neighbors, are always glad to assist in locating the 
home seeker. In every town adjacent to vacant lands are agents who for a 
small fee will aid persons in locating lands. After selection is made, the land 
office is again visited, where the register will supply the blanks on which the 
applicant will fill out a description of the township, range, section and quarter 
where his selection may be, and make affidavit of his intention to settle on the 
same. These are filed with the register and a fee of $14 paid, if a homestead is 
taken, after which, at the expiration of five years, the Government will give a 
deed or patent with no additional cost except $4 when final prooi" is made. If 



80 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 

the settler does not want to wait live years for deed, he can within one year of 
settlement change to pre-emption and pay $1.25 an acre if ontside of a railroad 
grant, or $2.50 if within. The only land coming within the $2.50 provision 
in North Dakota is along the Northern Pacific. The pre-emptor can pay in cash 
or by military bo nnty land warrants, agricultural college, private claims or 
supreme court scrip. Soldiers can deduct the term of their service in the 
army from the time necessary to secure a homestead, but must make entry at 
land office in person, and pay a declaratory fee of $2. In making entry for tree 
claim, $14 must be paid, and a like sum at the end of eight years on final proof. 

Relinquishments of public lands may often be obtained at very low figures. 
Information about this class of lands must be sought from private parties, 
either the claimants themselves or their agents. There are cases where through 
imj- rovidence or neglect the claimant has failed to comply fully with the pro- 
visions of law and is willing to sell out cheap rather than stand the risk of a 
contest. But these are opportunities a person must hunt up for himself. 

Deeded. Liauds. — Farmers who wish to buy land outright and live in the 
more settled localities can find cheap deeded lands, improved and unimproved, 
at very reasonable figures. Superior improved farming lands worth $50 to $60 
an acre can be bought for $20 an acre. Land that sells at $10 an acre is well 
worth $20 to $25 an acre. Unimproved land can often be obtained as cheap as 
$5 and $6 an acre, which is putting a North Dakota farm within nearly every- 
body's reach, aside from the free land area, where all may have one for the filing 
and bona fide settlement of the same. Among the leading advantages which 
North Dakota has to offer at this time, her cheap deeded lands should not be 
overlooked. 

Railroad Lauds. — Grants of land were made by the Government in aid 
of the construction of the Northern Pacific and other Western railroads at a 
time when public policy demanded the encouragement of such enterprises, 
which have since proved to be of many times the value which furnished the 
consideration of the land grant. In Dakota Territory, however, there were but 
two j'rants for this purpose, one of 500,000 acres to what is now the Chicago 
& Northwestern road in South Dakota, and the other of 10,000,000 acres to 
the Northern Pacific Railroad in North Dakota. This company has still for 
sale 7,000,000 acres of land on easy terms to settlers. The Northern Pacific 
lands are among the most desirable to be had, price, soil and location consid- 
ered, and with the increasing tide of immigration flowing northward and 
westward from St. Paul, will be disposed of only less rapidly than the public 
domain. The prices of these lands range chiefly from $3 to $6 an acre for ag- 
ricultural lands, and $1.25 to $4 an acre for grazing lauds. Terms of sale 
allow five and ten years' time at 7 per cent, one-sixth or one-tenth of the 
amount of the purchase money being required in advance. Further informa- 
tion about these lands will be cheerfully furnished by the general emigration 
agent of the Northern Pacific Railroad, St. Paul, Minn., to whom all inquiries 
are referred. 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 



XVII. 



FINANCES. 



State Debt. — North Dakota enters the Union with a bonded indebtedness 
of $539,807.46, of which every dollar was well expended, for the erection of 
public institutions. The interest rate on this debt is very low, from 4 J to S^ 
per cent. The schedule of bonds issued is as follows: 

130,000.00 Six per cent bonds, dated May 1 , 1883, issued for construction of Univb. " - of North 
Dakota at Grand Forks, payable May 1, 1903, or at the option of the si,ate after 
May 1, 1893. 

50,000.00 Six per cent bonds, dated ^ay 1, 1883, issued for the construction of the Second Dakota 
Penitentiary at Bismarck, payable May 1, 1903, or at the option of the state 
after May 1, 1888. 

50,000.00 Six per cent bonds, dated May 1, 1884, issued for construction of North Dakota Hos- 
pital for Insane at Jamestown, payable May 1, 1904, or at option of state after 
May 1, 1894. 

63,000.00 Six per cent bonds, dated May 1,1 885, issued for erection of additional buildings, etc.. 
North Dakota Hospital for Insane at Jamestown, payable May 1, 1905, or at option 
of state after May 1, 1890. 

24,000.00 Six per cent bonds, dated July 1, 1885, issued for deficiency in construction, etc., of 
North Dakota University at Grand. Forks, payable July 1, 1905, or at option of 
state after July 1, 1895. 

14,600.00 Six per cent bonds, dated July 1, 1885, issued for improvements, etc., North Dakota 
Penitentiary, payable July 1, 1905, or at the option of the state after July 1, 1895. 

29,000.00 Four and one-half percent bonds, dated May 1, 1887, issued for North Dakota Peni- 
tentiary at Bismarck, payable May 1, 1917, or at the option of the state after 
May 1, 1897. 
153,000.00 Four and one half per cent bonds, dated May 1, 1887, issued for North Dakota Hos- 
pital for Insane at Jamestown, payable May 1, 1902. 

20,000.00 Four per cent bonds, dated May 1, 1887, issued for University of North Dakota at 
Grand Forks, payable May 1, 1897. 

22,700.00 Four per cent bonds, dated May 1, 1889, issued for University of North Dakota at 
Grand Forks, payable May 1, 1909, or at option of the state after May 1, 1899. 

83,507.46 Five per cent refunding warrants for "capitol" dated April 1, 1889, payable April 1, 
1894. 



1539,809.46 



County Debt.— The county indebtedness June 1, 1889, was $1,361,978, 
less $226,303 cash on hand for payment of bonds and warrants, leaving the 
actual debt at that time $1,125,667. This indebtedness was contracted for pub- 
lic improvements, court houses, bridges, etc. The summary of county indebt- 
edness is given in the following table: 



*6 



82 



STATE OF XOKTH DAKOTA. 



SUiLMARY OF COUXTY INDEBTEDNESS JUNE 1, 1889. 

COMPILED FROM RETURN'S OF COUNTY CLEEEB AXD AUDITORS TO THE TERRITORIAL STAT- 
ISTICIAN. 



Barnes 

Benson 

BL'lings 

Bottineau. 
Burleigh .. 
Cass 



Cavalier 

Dicker 

Eddy,'. 

Emmons 

Foster 

Grand Forks. 

Griggs 

Kidder 

La Moure 

Logan 

McHenry 

Mcintosh 

McLean 

Mercer 

Morton 

Nelson (a) 

Oliver 

'Pembina 

Pierce(6) 

Ramsey 

Ransom 

Richland 

Rolette 

Sargent 

Stark 

Steele 

Stutsman 

Towner 

Traill 

Walsh 

Ward 

Wells 



COUNTIES. 



Amount 
of Bonds 
Issued. 



§55,000 
27, 500 



1,200 
59,600 
100,000 
16,000 
20,500 
14,900 
20,000 
18,000 
39,000 
62,000 
S7,000 



3,500 
6,500 
9,0C0 
19,000 



65,000 

40,000 

3,000 

40,000 



58,000 



28,906 
20,000 
10,000 
15,001, 
20,000 
63.500 
21,300 
105 
25,000 



Amount of 
Warrants 

Out- 
standing. ■ 



Amount of 

Cash in 

Sinking 

Fund. 



844,794 

1,854 

1,914 

6,930 

100,853 

35,000 

1,735 

190 

3,054 

25,478 



2,437 

27,794 

11,559 

9,501 

5,484 

7,604 

5,533 

8,740 

18, 126 

22,<J00 

1,621 

2,393 



14, 167 
2,714 
9,333 

16,300 
9,041 
2,909 

16, 526 

8,343 

918 



9, .500 



2,319 

1,803 



Cash on 
Hand for 
Warrants. 



59,979 



235 

37 

10,453 

8,532 



2,300 

527 

14,952 



3,500 
772 



8, 1.S4 



1,380 



148 
162 



So, 687 

1,062 

841 

1,116 

5,569 

15,000 



450 

105 

955 

2,967 

14,851 

16,913 

1,894 

6,203 

200 

734 

6,970 

1,014 

511 

10,500 

3,527 

730 

19, 426 



6,635 



2,120 

1,006 

10, 624 

3,321 

819 

14,053 

13,658 

1,411 

S40 



Total 1933,011 $428,%7 



564,591 : S171,712 



(n) Nelson county. There were ?9,H22 warrants issued in 1S34, enjoined Aug. 14, 1885. ijtill 
in litigation and not included in the report. 
(6} Pierce county. Newly organized county ; has no debt and no money in treasury. 

The combined state and county debt ($1,665,482) may seem large, but the 
ratio per capita ($8j is exceeded by 20 of the states, and few of them with as 
much to show for it. The per capita debt of Montana is nearly $20. 

Assessed Value. — The assessed valuation of the real and personal prop- 
erty of North Dakota — $66,857,436.30— not including the $20,000,000 in rail- 
roads not assessed — represents less than one-half of the true value. In the 
assessment table given below it will be seen that only a little over 10,000,000 
acres of the more than 47,500,000 in the state are assessed, and then at the low 
average of $4 an acre. Millions of acres are not a.?sessed. becau.se the occupants 
have not "proved up" homesteads, etc., not being taxable until patents are 
issued. From this it will seem that the state has an enormous reserve fund, 
and there is something to show for every dollar of money borrowed and ex- 
pended. The table of assessment is as follows: 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 



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84 STATE OF NOKTH DAKOTA. 

Banks. — Dakota, as a territory, had nearly 350 banks, or more than in the 
6 Southern states of Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisiana, South Carolina, North 
Carolina and Tennessee combined. Of these banks 57 were organized under 
the national banking law, North Dakota's share being 25, with nearly 100 pri- 
vate banks, or more than in any one of 13 of the older states. The banking 
capital of North Dakota is nearly $4,000,000. 



XVIII. 

NEWSPAPERS. 

North Dakota has 125 newspapers, or more than in the states of Vermont and 
Delaware combined, more than in Montana and Washington combined, and as 
many as in South Carolina. The dailies of Fargo, Grand Forks, Jamestown 
and Bismarck are publications which would do credit to large and populous 
centres of the East. The intellectual, moral and religious condition of the 
north state is presented in unmistakable terms by the independent and most 
excellent tone of both daily and weekly newspapers. With statehood a wider 
field opens before the press in urging the importance of industrial pursuits, in 
demanding diversity in agriculture, and insisting upon a continuance of the 
financial integrity and educational upbuilding that marked the entire career of 
the territory. 

While the newspaper is an index to the character, intelligence and enterprise 
of a people, the post olnce is also a guide, indicating that the community be- 
lieves in the use of the mails for carrying information, in which particular, as 
in the support of newspapers, North Dakota takes high rank. As shown by 
the table elsewhere, the state has 454 post offices, two-fifths of the offices of the 
entire territory, which combined paid a revenue of a half million dollars to 
iihe National Government, something not recorded of a good many of the states. 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 



85 



XIX. 



RAILROADS. 



Two great transcontinental lines rnn across the state from east to west, with 
many branches, while other lines come up from the south, altogether forming 
important arteries jf interstate commerce. The total mileage of North Da- 
kota is 2,063 miles, divided between the Northern Pacific, the St. Paul, Min- 
nepolis & Manitoba, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, the Minneapolis, 
St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie and the Chicago & Northwestern. The only- 
new road constructed in either Dakotas in 1889 was an extension of the James- 
town Northern from Minnewaukan to Leeds, 18^ miles, where connection is 
made with the Manitoba. There is considerable roadway graded, in the aggre- 
gate over 250 miles, in the two Dakotas, on which iron will no doubt be laid 
in the next year or two. 

The miles of road belonging to the different companies (the Leeds extension 
not included), and the territorial and county tax paid by each in 1888, accord- 
ing to the report of the territorial railroad commissioners, will be found in the 
following table: 



ROADS. 


Miles. 


Territorial 
Tax. 


County Tax. 


Total. 




814.35 
998.02 

99.01 
117.94 

14.90 


$29,215.89 

31,083.33 

171.49 

1,607.56 

181.73 


164,658.29 

40,783.69 

342.98 

3,21.1.12 

363.44 


$93,878.18 
71 867 02 


St. P., M. &M 


Minn. & Soo 


514 47 


C. M. & St. P 


4,822.68 
545.17 


C. &N. W 




2,044.22 


$62,260.00 


$109,363.32 


$171,623.52 



86 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 



XX. 

POSTAL GUIDE FOE KOKTH DAKOTA. 
AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF POST OFFICES IN THE STATE OCT. 1, 1889. 



Post Office. 



County. 



Abbotsford ; Benson. 

Acton I Walsh. 



Addison 

Adler 

Adrian 

Albion 

Alderman 

Alma 

Amenia 

Aneta 

Antelope 

Ardoch 

Argusville 

Armstrong 

Arrowood 

Arthur 

Arvilla 

Ashley, C. H 

Ashtabula 

Atwill 

Auburn 

Ayr 

Backoo 

Baconville 

Barlow 

Barnes 

Barrie 

Bartlett 

Bathgate 

Bay Centre 

Bean 

Beaulieu 

Belcourt 

Belfield 

BeileTille 

Bellevyria 

Belmont 

Binghamton 

Bismarck, C. H.... 

Blanchard 

Bollinger 

Bonnersville 

Bottineau, C. H... 

Bowesmont 

Brampton 

Buchanan 

Bue 

Buffalo 

Burlington 

Buttzville 

Buxton 

Byron 

Cable 

Caledonia, C. H.... 

Cando, C. H 

Carlisle .. 

Carringlon, C H.. 

Cashel 

Casselton 

Causey 

Cavalier 

Cavuga 

Cecil 

Christine 

Church's Ferry ... 

Clement 

Clifford 

Coal Harbor 

Coldwater 

Colfax 

Colgate 

Conger 



Cass. 

Nelson. 

La Moure. 

Stutsman. 

Barnes. 

Cavalier. 

Cass. 

Nelson. 

Stark. 

Walsh. 

Cass. 

Emmons. 

Stutsman. 

Cass. 

Grand Forks. 

M cintosh. 

Barnes. 

Stutsman. 

Waith. 

Cass. 

Pembina. 

Nelson. 

Foster. 

Barnes. 

Richland. 

Ramsey. 

Pembina. 

Pembina. 

Grand Forks. 

Pembina, 

Rolette. 

Stark. 

Grand Forks. 

Steele. 

Traill. 

Cass. 

Burleigh. 

Traill. 

Rolette. 

Ransom. 

Bottineau. 

Pembina. 

Sargent. 

Emmons. 

Nelson. 

Cass. 

Ward. 

Ransom. 

Traill. 

Cavalier. 

Grand Forks. 

Traill. 

Towner. 

Pembina. 

Foster. 

Walsh. 

Cass. 

Mercer. 

Pembina. 

Sargent. 

Towner. 

Richland. 

Ramsey. 

Dickey. 

Trnill. 

y ■ ' ,i^nn. 

Miliitosh. 

Richland. 

Steele. 

Burleigh. 




County. 



Conkling 

Conway 

Coolin 

Cooperstown, C. H 

Corinne 

Crary 

Crofte 

Cromwell 

/Crosier 

Crystal 

Crystal Springs 

Cumings 

Daily 

Danbury 

Davenport 

Dawson 

Dazy 

Deapolis 

De Groat 

De Lamere 

Denney 

Des Lacs 

De Villo 

Devils Lake, C. H 

Dickey 

Dickinson, C. H 

Drayton 

Dundee 

Dunseith 

Durbin 

Dwight 

Easby 

Echo 

Eckelson 

Edberg 

Edgeley 

Edinburgh 

Edmunds 

Eldred 

Eldridge 

Elkwood 

Ellendale, C. H 

EUerton 

Elliott 

Ellsbury 

Ely 

Embden 

Emerado 

Emmonsburg 

Englevale 

Erickson 

Erie 

Ernest 

Esler 

Everest / 

Exeter 

Eyford 

Fairmount 

Falconer... 

Fargo, C. H 

Farmington 

Forest River 

Forman, C II 

Fort Abercrouihie 

Fort Abraham Lincoln 

Fort Berthf.Id 

Fort Bu ford 

Fort Ransom 

Fort Stevensiin 

Fort Totten 

Fort Yates 

Fox Lake 



McLean. 

Walsh. 

Towner. 

Griggs. 

Stutsman. 

Ramsey. 

Burleigh. 

Burleigh. 

Nelson. 

Pembina. 

Kidder. 

Traill. 

Barnes. 

Emmons. 

Cass. 

Kidder. 

Barnes. 

Mercer. 

Ramsey. 

Sargent. 

Pierce. 

Ward. 

Richland. 

Ramsey. 

La Moure. 

Stark. 

Pembina. 

Walsh. 

Rolette. 

Cass. 

Richland. 

Cavalier. 

Ward. 

Barnes. 

Burleigh. 

La Moure. 

Walsh. 

Stutsman. 

Cass. 

Stutsman. 

Cavalier. 

Dickey 

Cavalier. 

Ransom. 

Barnes. 

McHenry. 

Cass. 

Grand Forks, 

Emmons. 

Ransom. 

McLean. 

Cass. 

Pembina. 

Stutsman. 

Cass. 

Emmons. 

Pembina. 

Richland. 

McLean. 

Cass. 

Richland. 

Walsh. 

Sargent. 

Richland. 

Morton. 

Garfield. 

Euford. 

Ransom. 

Stevens. 

Ramsey. 

Boreman. 

Ramsey. 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 

POSTAL GUIDE FOR NORTH DAKOTA — Continued. 



87 



Post Office. 



County. 



FuIIerton 

Galesburg 

Gallatin 

Gait 

Gardar 

Gardner 

Gayton 

Geneseo : 

Gertrude 

Gllby 

Gill 

Gladstone 

Glasscock 

Glaston 

Glencoe 

Gleufield 

GlenUUin 

Glover 

Golden Lake 

Grafton, C. H 

Grand Forks, C. H 

Grand Harbor 

Grandin 

Grand Rapids 

Granville 

Gray 

Great Bend 

Gi'iswold 

Guelph 

Hackett 

Hague 

Hallson 

Hamilton 

Hamlin 

Hampton 

Hancock 

Hanson 

Hankinson 

Hannaford 

Hannab 

Hanover 

Harlem 

Harmon 

Harrisburg 

Harwood 

Hatton 

Havana 

Hazeij ;. 

Hebron 

Helena 

Hensel 

Hensler 

Hickson 

Hillsboro 

Hillsdale 

Holmes 

Hope 

Horace 

Horn 

Hull 

Hunter 

Hurricane Lake ... 

Hyde Park 

IngersoU 

Inkster 

Island Lake 

Jackson 

Jamestown, C. H... 

Jerusalem 

Jessie 

Jewell 

Johnstown 

Joliette 

Joslyn 

Kelso 

Kelly's 

Kenipton 

Kildahl 

Kindred 



Dickey. 

Traill. , 

Griggs. 

Walsh. 

Pembina. 

Cass. 

Emmons. 

Sargent. 

Cavalier. 

Grand Forks. 

Cass. 

Stark. 

Burleigh. 

Pembina. 

Emmons. 

Foster. 

Morton. 

Dickey. 

Steele. 

Walsh. 

Grand Forks. 

Ramsey. 

Cass. 

La Moure. 

McHenry. 

Stutsman. 

Richland. 

La Moure. 

Dickey. 

Barnes. 

Traill. 

Pembina. 

Pembina. 

Sargent. 

Emmons. 

McLean. 

Towner. 

Richland. 

Griggs. 

Cavalier. 

Oliver. 

Sargent. 

Oliver. 

Nelson. 

Cass. 

Traill. 

Sargent. 

Mercer. 

Morton. 

Griggs. 

Pembina. 

Oliver. 

Casa. 

Traill. 

Dickey. 

Grand Forks. 

Steele. 

Cass. 

Stutsman. 

Emmons. 

Cass. 

Pierce. 

Pembina. 

McLean. 

Grand Forks. 

Rolette. 

Ramsey. 

Stutsman. 

Ramsey. 

Griggs. 

Mcintosh. 

Grand Forks. 

Pembina. 

Renville. 

Traill. 

Grand Forks. 

Grand Forks. 

Ramsey. 

Cass 



Post Office. 



King 

Kinloss 

Klein 

Kloeppel 

Knox 

Kongsberg 

Krem 

Kurtz 

Lakota,C. H 

Langedahl 

Lambert 

La Moure, C. H 

Lane 

Langdon, C. H 

Larimore 

Larabee 

Latona 

Laureat 

Lee 

Leeds 

Leonard 

Leroy 

Lidgerwood 

Lisbon, C H 

Litchville 

Livona 

Locke 

Logan 

Lordsburg 

Lorraine ,. 

Ludden 

McCanna 

McConnell 

McGuire 

McKenzie 

McKinney 

McRae 

McVille 

Maida 

Mandan, C. H 

Manvel 

Mapes 

Mapleton 

Mardell 

Mayville 

Medbery 

Medford 

Medora, C. H 

M-,kinock 

Melville 

Menoken 

Merricourt 

Merrifield 

Michigan 

Milnor, C. H 

Milton 

Miunewaukan, C. H.. 

Minne Lake 

Minot, C.H 

Minto 

Mona 

Monango 

Montpelier 

Mooreton 

Morris 

Mountain 

Mount Cariuel 

Mouse River 

Mugford 

Napoleon, C. H 

Neche 

Nesson 

Newburg 

New England City... 
New Rockford, C. H. 

New Salem 

Niagara 

Nicholson 

Noble 



County. 



Logan. 

Walsh. 

Oliver. 

Richland. 

Benson. 

Richland. 

Mercer. 

Morton. 

Nelson. 

Kidder. 

Walsh. 

La Moure. 

McHenry. 

Cavalier. 

Grand Forks. 

Foster. 

Walsh. 

Rolette. 

Nelson. 

Benson. 

Cass. 

Pembina. 

Richland. 

Ransom. 

La Moure. 

Emmons. 

Ramsey. 

Ward. 

Bottineau. 

Dickey. 

Dickey. 

Grand Forks. 

Pembina. 

Kidder. 

Burleigh. 

Renville. 

Bottineau. 

Nelson. 

Cavalier. 

Morton. 

Grand Forks. 

Nelson. 

Cass. 

Steele. 

Traill. 

La Moure. 

Walsh. 

Billings. 

Grand Forks. 

Poster. 

Burleigh. 

Dickey. 

Grand Forks. 

Nelson. 

Sargent. 

Cavalier. 

Benson. 

Barnes. 

Ward. 

Walsh. 

Cavalier. 

Dickey. 

Stutsman. 

Richland. 

Eddy. 

Pembina. 

Cavalier. 

McHenry. 

Pembina. 

Logan. 

Pembina. 

Flannery. 

La Moure. 

Hettinger. 

Eddy. 

Morton. 

Grand Forks. 

Sargent. 

Cass. 



88 



STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 



POSTAL GUIDE FOB NORTH DAKOTA.— Concxuded. 



Post Office. 



Norman 

North wood 

Nowesta 

Oakdale 

Oakes 

Oberon 

Odell 

Ojata 

OJga 

Omio 

Oriska 

Orr 

Oshkosh 

Osnabrock 

Ottawa 

Ottofy 

Owego 

Page 

Painted Woods.. 

Park River 

Pembina, C. H... 

Pendroy 

Penn 

Perth 

Petersburg 

Pickert 

Pickton 

Pingree 

Pisek 

Pittsburgh 

Pleasant Lake... 

Plymouth 

Portland 

Power , 

Praha 

Pratford 

Quincy 

Ransom 

Reinolds 

Richardton 

Richmond 

Ridgefield 

Rio 

Ripon 

Rolla 

Romfo 

Romness 

Roop 

Ruby 

Rugby, C.H 

Russell 

Rutland 

Rutten 

St. Andrew 

St. Carl 

St. John's, C. H.. 

St. Thomas 

Sanborn 

Sanger, C. H 

Sansabville 

Sargent 

Shapera 

Scovill 

Sentinel Butte.... 

Seymour 

Sharlow 

Sharon 

Sheldon 

Shenford 

Shepard 

Sherbrooke, C. H 

Sheyenne 

Sidney 

SilTerleaf 

Silvesta 

Sims 

Slaton 



CoCfNTY. 



Cass. 

Grand Forks. 

Pembina. 

Dunn. 

Dickey. 

Benson. 

Barnes. 

Grand Forks. 

Cavalier. 

Emmons. 

Barnes. 

Grand Forks. 

Wells. 

Cavalier. 

Griggs. 

Nelson. 

Ransom. 

Cass. 

Burleigh. 

Walsh. 

Pembina. 

McHenry. 

Ramsey. 

Towner. 

Nelson. 

Steele. 

Townpr. 

Stutsman. 

Walsh. 

Pembina. 

Benson. 

Ransom . 

Traill. 

Richland. 

Walsh. 

Pembina. 

Traill. 

Sargent. 

Grand Forks. 

Stark. 

Walsh. 

Cavalier. 

Stutsman. 

Cass. 

Rolette. 

Cavalier. 

Griggs. 

Emmons. 

Nelson. 

Pierce. 

La Moure. 

Sargent. 

Ramsey. 

Walsh. 

Ward. 

Rolette. 

Pembina. 

Barnes. 

Oliver. 

Bottineau. 

Sargent. 

Ramsey. 

Ransom. 

Billings. 

Richland. 

Stutsman. 

Steele. 

Ransom. 

Ransom. 

Pembina. 

Steele. 

Eddy. 

Towner. 

Dickey. 

Walsh. 

Morton. 

Mercer. 



Post Office. 



County. 



Slaughter 

Snyder 

Sogn 

Soper 

South Heart....; 

Spiritwood 

Stanton, C.H 

Starkweather 

Steele, C. H 

Steide 

iSterling 

Stewartsdale 

Stillwell 

Stokesville 

Straubville 

Svea _.... 

Svenby ...... 

Sweet Briar 

Sykeston, C. H 

Ta-ppen 

Tarsus 

Taylor 

Tewaukon 

Thexton 

Thompson 

Titfany 

Tomey 

Tower City 

Towner, C.H 

Trysil 

Turtle Lake 

Turtle River 

Twala 

Tyner 

Uxbridge 

Valley City, C. H... 

Vang 

Verner 

Verona 

Vesta 

Viking 

Villard 

Voss 

Wahpeton, C. H 

Walcott 

Wales 

Walhalla 

Walle 

Walshville 

Washburn, C. H 

Watson 

Weible 

Welford 

Weller 

Westfleld 

Westboro 

Wheatland 

White Earth 

Wild Rice 

Williamsport, C. IL 

Williston 

Willows 

AVinchester 

Windsor 

Wines 

Winona 

Wogansport 

Woodbridge 

Woods 

Wright 

Wvndmere _ 

York 

Yorktown 

Young 

Youngstown 

Yp:ilanti 



Burleigh. 

Towner. 

Nelson. 

Cavalier. 

Stark. 

Stutsman. 

Mercer. 

Ramsey. 

Kidder. 

Logan. 

Burleigh. 

Burleigh. 

Cavalier. 

Pembina. 

Sargent. 

Barnes. 

Barnes. 

Morton. 

Wells. 

Kidder. 

Bottineau. 

Stark. 

Sargent. 

1 embina. 

Grand Forks. 

Eddy. 

Walsh. 

Cass. 

McHenry. 

Cass. 

McLean. 

Grand Forks. 

Rolette. 

Pembina. 

Barnes. 

Barnes. 

Cavalier. 

Sargent. 

I>a Moure. 

Walsh. 

Benson. 

McHenry. 

Walsh. 

Richland. 

Richland. 

Burleigh. 

Pembina. 

Grand Forks. 

Walsh. 

McLean. 

Cass. 

Traill. 

Pembina. 

McLean. 

Emmons. 

Dickey. 

Cass. 

Mountraille. 

Cass. 

Emmons. 

Buford. 

Griggs. 

Emmons. 

Stutsman. 

McHenry. 

Emmons. 

Burleigh. 

Cavalier. 

Cass. 

Dickey. 

Richland. 

Benson. 

Dickey. 

Pembina. 

Mcintosh. 

Stutsman. 



II^DEX, 



igrleulture, 56. 
Statistics of, 57-60. 
Board of, 55. 
Farmers' Alliance, 56. 
^ Small farming, 61. 
Statistics of, 62-64. 
^rea, 46. 

rtificial forests, statistics, 70. 
ssessed valuation, 82, 83. 

Janks, 84. 

Barley, statistics, 58-60. 
Bees, statistics, 62. 
Building stone, 71. 
Buckwheat, statistics, 59, 60. 
Butter, statistics, 62. 

Capitol building, 77. 
Cattle, statistics, 67, 83. 
Cheese, statistics, 62. 
Churches, 74. 
Climate, 54. 

Rainfall, 54, 55. 

Seasons, 54. 

Temperature, 54. 

The North, 55. 
Coal, 71. 
Constitution, 5. 

Amendments, future, 25. 

Apportionments, 29. 

Boundaries of state, 28. 

Compact with U. S., 25. 

County organization, 21. 

Courts, 13. 

Corporations, 17. 

Declaration of rights, 5. 

Debt, settlement of, 27. 

Division of property, 35. 
■ Education, 19. 

Elective franchise, 16. 

Executive department, 11. 

Impeachment, 25. 

Institutions, public, 31. 

Judicial department, 13. 

Lands, school and public, 19. 

Legislative department, 7. 

Militia, 24. 

*7 



Constitution — 

Miscellaneous, 28. 

Prohibition, 32. 

Preamble, 5. 

Public debt and works, 23. 

Removal from office, 25, 

Revenue, 22. 

Schedule, 32. 

Seal, description, 28. 

Taxation, 22. 

Town organization, 21. 

Corn, statistics, 57-60. 
Coteau region, 52. 
Courts, 13. 

County, 15. 

District, 14. 

Justice, 15. 

Police, 16. 

Supreme, 13. 
Creameries, 72. 

Dairy products, statistics, 62. 
Debt, state and county, 81, 82. 
Devils Lake country, 50. 

Educational facilities, 73. 
Denominational schools, 74. 
Graded schools, 73. 
Public schools, 73. 
State institutions, 75-77. 

Farmers' Alliance, 56. 
Finances, 81. 
Flax, 59, 60. 
Flouring mills, 72. 
Fruits, statistics, 63. 

Garden products, statistics, 62. 
Geographical divisions, 46. 
Grains and statistics, 64. 

Hay, statistics, 64. 
Honey, statistics, 62. 
Horses, statistics, 67-83. 
Hospital for insane, 75. 

Irrigation, 65. 

James river valley, 49. 

Judicial districts, counties in, 40-43. 



90 



INDEX. 



Land in farms, 57. 

Acres cultivated, 57. , 

Acres under fence, 57. 

Value of land, 57. 
Lauds, public, 78. 

Deeded, 80. 
Land offices, list of, 78, 79. 
Legislature, names of members, 44, 45. 
Live stock and statistics, 66-68. 
Live stock mortality, 67. 
Manufactures, 71. 

Flouring mills, statistics, 72. 

Creameries, statistics, 72. 

Lumbering, 73. 

Minor industries, 73. 
Mineral resources, 71. 

Building stones, 71. 

Coal, 71. 

Clays, etc., 71. 
Missouri slope, 52. 
Mouse river country, 51. 
Mules, statistics, 67, 83. 

Newspapers, 84. 
Nurseries, statistics, 63. 
Oats, statistics, 58-60. 
Officials, county, 41-43. 

State, 40. 
Orchards, statistics, 63 



Penitentiary, 76. 
Post offices, 86-88. 
Potatoes, 59, 60. 
Poultry, statistics, 62. 
Population, county, estimates, 53. 
Public lands, location of, 78, 79. 

How to secure, 79. 

Eelinquishments of, 80. 

Railroads, 85. 
Bailroad lands, 80. 
Rainfall, 54. 
Red river valley, 46. 
Rye, statistics, 58-60. 

Schools, 73. 

Sheep, statistics, 67, 83. 
Swine, statistics, 67, 83. 

Temperature, 54. 

Timber and statistics, 69, 70. 

Turtle Mountain region, 50, 51. 

University, Grand Forks, 75. 

Valuation, assessed, 82, 83. 
Vote for state officers, 37-39. 

West North Dakota, 52. 
Wheat, statistics, 58-60. 
Wool clip, 67. 



I 



